Good morning

Brain awakener

Please state the definitions for the following,

include an equation with your answer – remember
state symbols – and the appropriate shorthand
symbol for each.
Standard enthalpy change of combustion

Standard enthalpy change of formation

Standard Enthalpy of Combustion ΔcH

Enthalpy Change when 1 mole of a substance is

completely burned in oxygen, under standard

φ
conditions.

Standard Enthalpy of Formation ΔfH

φ

Enthalpy Change when 1 mole of a substance is

formed from its elements in their standard
states, under standard conditions
 3.2.1
Enthalpy changes

Definitions

Enthalpy changes of Bond enthalpies

Formation
Neutralisation
Combustion
Reaction Hess’s Law
Energy cycles
Enthalpy profiles

Measuring enthalpy changes

Hot stuff in the insect world

Survival techniques of insects and small animals in a fiercely competitive environment take many forms.
• For example, chameleons have developed the ability to
change colour to match their surroundings; other
creatures, like the butterfly Limentis, have evolved into a
form that mimics the poisonous and unpleasant-tasting
monarch butterfly Danaus.
• A less passive defence mechanism is employed by the
bombardier beetle (Brachinus). They fight off predators
with a "chemical spray".
See it in action
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWwgLS5tK80
• The bombardier beetle has a pair of glands that open at the
tip of its abdomen. Each gland consists basically of two
compartments. The inner compartment contains an
aqueous solution of hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide,
and the outer compartment contains a mixture of enzymes.
When threatened, the beetle squeezes some fluid from the
inner compartment into the outer compartment, where, in the
presence of the enzymes, an exothermic reaction takes
place.
• The large amount of heat generated is sufficient to heat the
mixture to its boiling point. By rotating the tip of its
abdomen, the beetle can quickly discharge the vapour in
the form of a fine mist toward an unsuspecting predator. In
addition to the thermal effect, the quinones also act as
repellent to other insects and animals. An average
bombardier beetle carries enough reagents in its body to
produce about 20 to 30 discharges in quick succession,
each with an audible detonation
 The reaction which occurs is shown below :
This is an
example –
you do not
need to C6H4(OH)2 (aq) + H2O2 (aq)  C6H4O2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
learn this!

To estimate the enthalpy change for this reaction, consider the following steps:

C6H4(OH)2(aq)  C6H4O 2(aq) + H 2(g) ΔH = +177 kJmol -1

H2O2(aq)  H2O(l) + 1/2 O2(g) ΔH = - 94.6 kJmol -1

H 2(g) + 1/2 O2(g)  H2O(l) ΔH = - 286 kJmol -1

How could we find the value for the enthalpy change of the overall
reaction?
This makes use of the First Law of Thermodynamics –
energy cannot be created or destroyed - and Hess’s Law
is another way of looking at this.

Hess’s law states:

“The enthalpy change for a given reaction

is independent of the route by which the
reaction takes place (provided that the
conditions are the same in each case)”
Types of Enthalpy Changes
and Hess’s Law
3.2.1 continued
 Can you describe Hess’ law for construction of enthalpy cycles
3.2.1 g i and calculations to determine indirectly an enthalpy change of
reaction from enthalpy changes of combustion?

Can you describe Hess’ law for construction of enthalpy cycles

3.2.1 g ii and calculations to determine indirectly an enthalpy change of
reaction from enthalpy changes of formation?

Can you describe Hess’ law for construction of enthalpy cycles

3.2.1 g iii and calculations to determine indirectly enthalpy changes from
unfamiliar enthalpy cycles?
What is the relationship between
these enthalpy changes?
ΔH1 = ΔH2 + ΔH3
ΔH1
A B

ΔH2 ΔH3

C
What is the relationship between
these enthalpy changes?
ΔH1 + ΔH3 = ΔH2
ΔH1 = ΔH2 - ΔH3
ΔH1
A B

ΔH2 ΔH3

C
What is the relationship between
these enthalpy changes?
ΔH2 + ΔH1 = ΔH3
ΔH1 = ΔH3 - ΔH2
ΔH1

A B

ΔH2 ΔH3

C
Have a go at these
ΔH2
A B Click for answer
ΔH2 = ΔH1 + ΔH3

ΔH1
ΔH3

C
 ΔHy= ΔHz - Δ Hw
A ΔHy B
Click for answer

ΔHz
ΔHw
C
 ΔHr= ΔH1 - Δ Hw2
A ΔHr B
Click for answer

ΔH1 ΔH2
C
 Practise with your calculator before you apply
your knowledge Answers on next slide
1
24.00 + ( 2 x 234) = 6
(4y) + (3 x-456) = 950 find y

2
(5 x 235) – (4x 256) = 7
(3 x -456) + 6y = -450 find y

3
(2 x -356) + (5 x 246) = 8
(2 x 457) – 3y = 278 find y

4
(3x - 267) – (6 x -563) = 9 (4 x -360) + (6 x -359) = 4y + (3 x -456)
find y
5
(4 x - 256) – (3 x - 245) = 10 (5 x 344) + 2y = (3x-890) + (2 x -560)
find y
 Answers
1
24.00 + ( 2 x 234) = 6
(4y) + (3 x-456) = 950 find y
492 Y = 579.5
2
(5 x 235) – (4x 256) = 7
(3 x -456) + 6y = -450 find y
151 Y = 153
3
(2 x -356) + (5 x 246) = 8
(2 x 457) – 3y = 278 find y
518 Y = 212
4
(3x - 267) – (6 x -563) = 9 (4 x -360) + (6 x -359) = 4y + (3 x -456)
2577 find y
Y = -556.5
5
(4 x - 256) – (3 x - 245) = 1
0
(5 x 344) + 2y = (3x-890) + (2 x -560)
-289 find y Y = -2755
Using Hess’s Law with enthalpies of combustion eg Q1
Task 7 page 16

This is the enthalpy change we want to find

C3H8 (g) + 5O 2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4 H 2O(l)
These are the enthalpy change we are given:
ΔfH(propane)
3C (s) + 4H 2 (g) C3H8 (g)
ΔcH(carbon)
C (s) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g)
ΔcH(hydrogen)
H2(g) + ½ O 2 (g) H 2 O(l)
Now put these enthalpy changes together in a cycle

ΔH1
C3H8 (g) + 5O 2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4 H 2O(l)

ΔH2
ΔH3
3 C (s) + 4H 2(g) + 5O 2(g)

ΔH1 = enthalpy change of combustion of propane

ΔH2 = enthalpy change of formation of propane
ΔH3 = 3 x ΔcH (C (s)) + 4 x ΔcH (H2(g))
 ΔH1 = enthalpy change of combustion of propane
ΔH2 = enthalpy change of formation of propane
= -103 kJ/mol
ΔH3 = 3 x ΔcH (C (s)) + 4 x ΔcH (H2(g))
= (3 x - 393) + (4 x - 286) = -2323
Using Hess’s Law:

ΔH1 + ΔH2 = ΔH3

ΔH1 = ΔH3 - ΔH2 = -2323 - (-103) = -2220 kJ/mol

 Now we could look at this another way and use the values to find
the enthalpy change of formation of propane:

ΔH1
3 C (s) + 4H 2(g) C3H8 (g)

+ 5O 2(g) + 5O 2(g)
ΔH2
ΔH3
3CO2(g) + 4 H 2O(l)

ΔH1 = enthalpy change of formation of propane

ΔH2 = 3 x ΔcH (C (s)) + 4 x ΔcH (H2(g))
ΔH3 = enthalpy change of combustion of propane
 ΔH1 = enthalpy change of formation of propane

ΔH2 = 3 x ΔcH (C (s)) + 4 x ΔcH (H2(g))

= (3 x - 393) + (4 x - 286) = -2323 kJ/mol
ΔH3 = enthalpy change of combustion of propane
= -2220 kJ/mol

Using Hess’s Law:

ΔH1 + ΔH3 = ΔH2

ΔH1 = ΔH2 - ΔH3 = -2323 - (-2220) = -103 kJ/mol
 These calculations are all the same:
 Write out the balanced equation for the
enthalpy change you need
 Draw an enthalpy cycle with the other
information you are given
 Write out the relationship between the
 enthalpy changes
 Put in the numbers – be careful with signs
 More Practice in Task s 6 and 7
 In the lab
Energy transfer = mass of water x ‘shc’ x change in temp
Q = mc∆T

Task 1
 Page 10
Q=mcΔT = 150 x 4.2 x 20
= 12600J = 12.6kJ
This energy was released by burning 0.90g of Ethanol. We need
To find ΔcH which refers to burning 1 Mole of ethanol.

ΔcH=Q/n n=m/Mr

No of moles = 0.90 = 0.01956 moles

46 Data Book:
-1367kJ mol-1
So, Q/n = 12.6 Experimentally:
-644kJ mol-1
0.01956 = 644
ΔcH ethanol = -644 kJ mol-1
Review PAG 3.2

Reaction 1: q1 = mcT = 30 × 4.18 × 5.5 = 690 J

Reaction 2: q2 = mcT = 30 × 4.18 × 7.0 = 878 J

 m(K2CO3) 2.54
n(K2CO3) = = = 0.0184 mol
M(K2CO3) 138.2
q1 690
H1 = – = = –37.5 kJ mol-1
n(K2CO3) 0.0184

(note, a negative enthalpy as this is an exothermic reaction)

 m(KHCO3) 3.38
. n(KHCO3) = = = 0.0338 mol
M(KHCO3) 100.1
q2 878
 H2 = – = = +26.0 kJ mol-1
n(KHCO3 ) 0.0338

(note, a positive enthalpy as this is an

endothermic reaction)
 How are we going to use these values
to find the enthalpy change for the
decomposition of potassium
hydrogencarbonate?

5 mins

2KHCO3(s)  K2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

 Δ rH
2KHCO3(s)  K2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

2KCl(s) + 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

ΔrH +Δ H1 = 2 Δ H2

Δ rH = 2Δ H2 - Δ H1
 Enthalpy Cycles
Many reactions cannot be performed in a calorimeter,
or even carried out at all!

We can however use an indirect route to measure ∆H

called an Enthalpy Cycle
An enthalpy cycle relies on the fact that energy cannot be
created or destroyed but is simply transferred from one
form to another.
The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of
conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic
systems. The law of conservation of energy states that
the total energy of an isolated system is constant.
 Enthalpy Cycles
Hess’s law states:

“The enthalpy change for a given reaction is

independent of the route by which the reaction takes
place (provided that the conditions are the same in each case)”
Example cycles

Or
this?
Like this

To re-arrange
Or not to re-arrange
 Hess’s Law

DH1
A B

DH2 DH3

The sum of the enthalpies in one direction is the same

as the sum of the enthalpies in the other direction.
This is Hess’s Law

Therefore, ΔH2 = ΔH1 + ΔH3

 Let’s say we need to find out the value for ΔH1

DH1
C(s) + 2H2(g) CH4(g)
+ 2O2 (g) + 2O2 (g)

DH2 DH3

CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Do you recognise ΔH2 ? ΔcH Ө (C) + 2 ΔcH Ө (H2)

Do you recognise ΔH3 ? ΔcH Ө (CH4)
Do you remember how to apply Hess’s Law?
DH2 = DH1 + DH3
 Let’s say we need to find out the value for ΔH1

DH1
C(s) + 2H2(g) CH4(g)
+ 2O2 (g) + 2O2 (g)

DH2 DH3

CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
ΔcH Ө C = -394kJmol-1 DH2 = DH1 + DH3
ΔcH Ө H2 = -286kJmol-1 2(-286)+ (-394) = ΔH1 + (-890)
ΔcH Ө CH4 = -890kJmol-1 - 966 = ΔH1 – 890
ΔH1 = -966 + 890
ΔH1 = -76 kJ mol-1
 Hess’s Law

DH1
A B

DH2 DH3

The sum of the enthalpies in one direction is the same

as the sum of the enthalpies in the other direction.

Therefore, the enthalpy change described by the yellow line

Equals the enthalpy change represented by the pink line
Hess’s Law

DH1
A B

DH2 DH3

DH1 = DH2 - DH3

Which do you prefer?

To re-arrange Or not to re-arrange

Starter on combustion
 Cycles based on D formationH

reactionH
REACTANTS PRODUCTS

fH [REACTANTS] fH [PRODUCTS]

ELEMENTS IN
STANDARD STATES
This sign means
“sum of”

fH [REACTANTS] + reactionH = fH [PRODUCTS]

reactionH = fH [PRODUCTS] - fH [REACTANTS]

 Cycles based on D CombustionH

fH [COMPOUND]
ELEMENTS IN
STANDARD STATES COMPOUND

cH [COMPOUND]
cH [ELEMENTS]

COMBUSTION PRODUCTS

cH [ELEMENTS] = fH [COMPOUND] + cH [COMPOUND]

 Cycles based on D CombustionH

r H
REACTANTS PRODUCTS

cH [REACTANTS] cH [PRODUCTS]

COMBUSTION PRODUCTS

cH [REACTANTS] = rH + cH [PRODUCTS]

 Good morning
Given the following information, find
the enthalpy change of combustion of
methane.

ΔfH Ө (CO2(g) ) = -394kJmol-1

ΔfH (H2O (l))= -286kJmol-1
Ө

ΔfH CH4(g) = -76kJmol-1

Ө
 reactionH = fH [PRODUCTS] - fH [REACTANTS]

ΔfH Ө (CO2(g) ) = -394kJmol-1

ΔfH Ө (H2O (l))= -286kJmol-1
ΔfH Ө CH4(g) = -76kJmol-1

fH [PRODUCTS] = -394 + ( 2 x -286) = -966

fH [REACTANTS] = -76

rH = -966-(-76) = -890 kJmol-1

Step 1: Identify enthalpy change we want to find
and write out the balanced equation
Step 2 : Note which enthalpy changes you are given –
are you given enthalpy changes of combustion
or formation?
Step 3: If it is a straightforward cycle, you can use

reactionH = fH [PRODUCTS] - fH [REACTANTS]

Step 4: Use Hess’s Law to work out the relationship
between ΔH values

Step 5: Identify and look up data sheet values for

the other enthalpy changes

Step 6: Insert these values into the relationship

statement in Step 2 and do the maths,
taking care to respect the signs of the
numbers we are using!
Use brackets to make this clear
Complete the enthalpy change of
formation questions
 Bond enthalpy  Bond enthalpy question
 Kerboodle video

http://www.kentchemistry.com/link
s/Kinetics/BondEnergy.htm
Kerboodle activity
Homework:
Enthalpy c3 Wednesday
Complete booklet (Mixed Hess page is
optional) for next Friday
Test on Enthalpy May 18th

Advisable extra work:

Complete and mark the Summary
questions in textbook and/or Practice
questions (answers on Moodle)