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Ch-9 Ray - Optics - 2
Ch-9 Ray - Optics - 2
N1 N2
P D δ
i e
Q
r1 O r2
μ
B C Prism
Refracting Surfaces
In quadrilateral APOQ,
From (1) and (2),
A + O = 180° …….(1) A = r 1 + r2
(since N1 and N2 are normal) From (3),
In triangle OPQ, δ = (i + e) – (A)
i+e=A+δ (A + δm)
sin
2 i = A + δm 2
μ=
A
i = (A + δm) / 2 sin
2
Refraction by a Small-angled Prism for Small angle of Incidence:
sin i sin e
μ= and μ=
sin r1 sin r2
i e
μ= and μ =
r1 r2
i + e = μ (r1 + r2) = μ A
But i + e = A + δ
So, A + δ = μ A
or δ = A (μ – 1)
Dispersion of White Light through Prism:
The phenomenon of splitting a ray of white light into its constituent colours
(wavelengths) is called dispersion and the band of colours from violet to red
is called spectrum (VIBGYOR).
A
D δr
N δv R
O
Y
G
White B
light I
V
B C Screen
Cause of Dispersion:
sin i sin i Since μv > μr , rr > rv
μv = and μr =
sin rv sin rr So, the colours are refracted at different
angles and hence get separated.
Dispersion can also be explained on the basis of Cauchy’s equation.
b c
μ=a + + (where a, b and c are constants for the material)
λ2 λ4
But δ = A (μ – 1)
Therefore, δv > δr
Φ = δv - δr or Φ = (μv – μr) A
Dispersive Power:
The dispersive power of the material of a prism for any two colours is defined
as the ratio of the angular dispersion for those two colours to the mean
deviation produced by the prism.
It may also be defined as dispersion per unit deviation.
Φ δv + δr
ω= where δ is the mean deviation and δ =
δ 2
δv - δr (μv – μr) A (μv – μr)
Also ω = or ω = (μy – 1) A or ω = (μ – 1)
δ y
When looking at the sky in a direction away from the Sun, we receive scattered
sunlight in which short wavelengths predominate giving the sky its characteristic
bluish colour.
Compound Microscope:
uo vo
B A’’’ fe
Fo 2Fo 2Fe α A’
• • Po
• • • •
2Fo A Fo A’’ Fe β Pe
Eye
fo fo
Objective
B’
L Eyepiece
B’’ D
fo fe Eye
Fo
Fe
α
Po α •
β Pe
Eyepiece
Image at
Objective
infinity
Focal length of the objective is much greater than that of the eyepiece.
Aperture of the objective is also large to allow more light to pass through it.
Angular magnification or Magnifying power of a telescope in normal
adjustment is the ratio of the angle subtended by the image at the eye as
seen through the telescope to the angle subtended by the object as seen
directly, when both the object and the image are at infinity.
β
M=
α
tan β
M=
tan α
Fe I Fe I
M= /
PeFe Po F e
-I -I
M= /
- fe fo
fo
Eye
fe
α A F F
α •e •o
Po β Pe
I
Eyepiece
ue
Objective B D
Angular magnification or magnifying power of a telescope in this case is
defined as the ratio of the angle β subtended at the eye by the final image
formed at the least distance of distinct vision to the angle α subtended at
the eye by the object lying at infinity when seen directly.
β 1 1 1
M= - =
α -D - ue fe
Plane Mirror
Light
from star
fo
M=
fe Concave Mirror
Eye
Resolving Power of a Microscope:
The resolving power of a microscope is defined as the reciprocal of the
distance between two objects which can be just resolved when seen
through the microscope.
Objective
1 2 μ sin θ θ
Resolving Power =
Δd
= ••
λ Δd