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Stoker7e PPT CH04
Stoker7e PPT CH04
Chemical Bonding:
The Ionic Bond Model
Chapter 4
Chapter Outline
4.1Chemical bonds
4.2Valence electrons and Lewis symbols
4.3The octet rule
4.4The ionic bond model
4.5The sign and magnitude of ionic charge
4.6Lewis structures for ionic compounds
4.7Chemical formulas for ionic compounds
4.8The structure of ionic compounds
4.9Recognizing and naming binary ionic compounds
4.10Polyatomic ions
4.11Chemical formulas and names for ionic compounds co
ntaining polyatomic ions
Chemical Bond
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Chemical Bond
Ionic Bond
• Formed through the transfer of one or more
electrons from one atom or group of atoms to
another atom or group of atoms
• Ionic compound: Compounds in which ionic
bonds are present
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Chemical Bond
Covalent Bond
• Formed through the sharing of one or more pairs
of electrons between two atoms
• Molecular compound: Compound in which
covalent bonds are present
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Chemical Bond
Bonding
• Most bonds are not 100% ionic or 100%
covalent
– Some degree of both ionic and covalent
characteristics exist
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Chemical Bond
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Chemical Bond
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Chemical Bond
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Valence Electron
• Electron in the outermost electron shell of a
representative element or noble-gas element
– Valence electrons are found in either s or p subshells
in representative elements or noble gases
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Lewis Symbol
• Chemical symbol of an element surrounded by
dots equal in number to the number of valence
electrons present in atoms of the element
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Concept Check
• Determine the number of valence electrons in each of the following elements:
Ca
Se
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Concept Check
• Determine the number of valence electrons in each of the following elements:
Ca
Se
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1. Representative elements in the same group have the same number of valence
electrons
2. The number of valence electrons for representative elements is the same as the
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Concept Check
• Write Lewis symbols for the following elements:
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Concept Check
• Write Lewis symbols for the following elements:
O
P
P
F
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Octet Rule
• In forming compounds, atoms of elements lose,
gain, or share electrons
– Produce a noble-gas electron configuration for each
of the atoms involved
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Ion
• Atom (or group of atoms) that is electrically
charged as a result of the loss or gain of
electrons
• Negatively charged ion - Atom gains one or
more electrons
• Positively charged ion - Atom loses one or more
electrons
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Concept Check
• Give the chemical symbol for each of the
following ions.
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Concept Check
• Give the chemical symbol for each of the
following ions.
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Group Charge
IA 1+
IIA 2+
IIIA 3+
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Group Charge
VIIA 1-
VIA 2-
VA 3-
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Isoelectronic Species
• An atom and an ion, or two ions, that have the
same number and configuration of electrons
– Example: The electronic configuration of N3-, O2-, F-,
Na+, Mg2+, and Al3+ is 1s22s22p6
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Concept Check
a.1s22s22p6
b.1s22s22p63s2
c.1s22s22p63s1
d.1s22s2p6
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a.1s22s22p6
b.1s22s22p63s2
c.1s22s22p63s1
d.1s22s2p6
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Lewis Structure
• Combination of Lewis symbols that represents
either the transfer or the sharing of electrons in
chemical bonds
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Example
• Compound formed between Na+ and P3–
– Na+ and P3– ions combine in a 3-to-1 ratio
– Formula - Na3P
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Concept Check
• Determine the chemical formula for the compound that is formed when each of the
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Concept Check
• Determine the chemical formula for the compound that is formed when each of the
BaCl
2
Fe O
2 3
PbO
2
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Formula Unit
• Smallest whole-number repeating ratio of ions
present in an ionic compound that results in
charge neutrality
• Chemical formulas for ionic compounds
represent the simplest ratio of ions present
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a.Molecule unit
b.Ion unit
c.Ion molecule unit
d.Formula unit
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a.Molecule unit
b.Ion unit
c.Ion molecule unit
d.Formula unit
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Examples
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Examples
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Exercise
• Name each of the following compounds:
K2S
Fe2O3
CoCl2
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Exercise
• Name each of the following compounds:
K2S
potassium sulfide
Fe2O3
iron(III) oxide
CoCl2
cobalt(II) chloride
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Polyatomic Ions
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Polyatomic Ions
Generalizations
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Polyatomic Ions
Generalizations
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Polyatomic Ions
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Polyatomic Ions
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Chemical Formulas and Names for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
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Chemical Formulas and Names for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
Exercise
• Which of the following compounds is named
incorrectly?
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Chemical Formulas and Names for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
Exercise
• Which of the following compounds is named
incorrectly?
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Chemical Formulas and Names for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
a.2(NH4)CO3
b.2NH4CO3
c.(NH4)2CO3
d.NH4CO3
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Chemical Formulas and Names for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
a.2(NH4)CO3
b.2NH4CO3
c.(NH4)2CO3
d.NH4CO3
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Concept Question 1
After placing a soft, lustrous, and malleable material in a container of
yellowish gas, a violent reaction occurs leaving a white crystalline
material. You decide to break the rule “Never taste chemicals in a
laboratory” and find that it tastes very salty. Which of the following is
correct?
a.Not enough information is provided to determine what the two materials and
product are.
b.The two materials are likely to be the elements sodium and chlorine reacting
to share electrons to produce the molecular compound sodium chloride.
c.The two materials are likely to be the elements sodium and chlorine, both
reacting by a transfer of electrons to produce the ionic compound sodium
chloride.
d.The two materials are homogenous compounds reacting to produce an
unidentifiable salt.
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Concept Question 1
After placing a soft, lustrous, and malleable material in a container of
yellowish gas, a violent reaction occurs leaving a white crystalline
material. You decide to break the rule “Never taste chemicals in a
laboratory” and find that it tastes very salty. Which of the following is
correct?
a.Not enough information is provided to determine what the two materials and
product are.
b.The two materials are likely to be the elements sodium and chlorine reacting
to share electrons to produce the molecular compound sodium chloride.
c.The two materials are likely to be the elements sodium and chlorine, both
reacting by a transfer of electrons to produce the ionic compound sodium
chloride.
d.The two materials are homogenous compounds reacting to produce an
unidentifiable salt.
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Concept Question 2
Fill in the following table with the correct information.
Concept Question 2
Fill in the following table with the correct information.