School of Energy & Environment (SEE)

Solid waste, Pollution and Management

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 What constitutes Solid Waste
Solid Waste - Definition
Solid material possessing a negative economic value – it is cheaper to discard than to use.
(or)
Solid waste comprises of all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are typically solid
and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. It is all-inclusive of the heterogeneous mass from the
urban community as well as more homogeneous accumulation of agriculture and industrial wastes.

Includes Garbage, refuse, sludges and other discard solid materials resulting from industrial
and commerical operations and from community activities
Does not include solids of dissolved materials in domestic sewage or other significant pollutants in
water resources, such as silt, dissolved or suspended solids in industrial wastewater effluents,
dissolved materails in irrigation return flows or other common water pollution

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 What constitutes Solid Waste
Solid Waste - Definition
Some of the commonly used synonyms for solid wastes are:

 Refuse: This is a more appropriate term for solid waste as most waste can be utilized as a raw
material for some other purpose.

 Garbage: It consist of kitchen/wet waste.

 Rubbish: Those wastes with high ash content.

 Scrap: Wastes that have high metal content.

 Debris: Bulky wastes such as construction waste.

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 LEGISLATION
Timeline chart of waste management policies and activities in India

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 Types of Solid Waste
Sources of solid waste
Residential
Commercial
Institutional
Municipal solid waste (MSW)
Construction and demolition
Municipal services
Treatment plant sites
Industrial solid waste
Industrial
Agricultural Agricultural waste
Biomedical waste Hospital waste

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 Types of Solid Waste
Solid waste can be broadly classified as:
a) Municipal wastes which include garbage or food wastes, ashes and residues, construction and demolition wastes,
treatment plant wastes, special wastes.
b) Industrial wastes which include all types of liquid or solid waste generated from different types of industries.

c) Hazardous wastes are waste (liquid, solid, gaseous or sludge) that is dangerous or potentially harmful to our health or
environment. They can be discarded commercial products, byproducts from industries, or from households.

a) Municipal Waste b) Industrial Waste c) Hazardous Waste

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 Types of Solid Waste

Construction and Demolition waste are generated by the Agricultural waste consisting of spoiled food grains
construction, refurbishment, repair and demolition of houses, and vegetables, agricultural remains, litter, etc.,
commercial buildings and other structures. They mainly generated from fields, orchards, vineyards, farms, etc.
consists of wood, steel, concrete, dirt etc.

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 Municipal Solid Waste
CLASSIFICATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: BASED ON SOURCE

Commercial wastes includes solid Institutional waste consists of

Residential wastes are waste generated
from household activities and consists of
leftover food, paper, plastic, clothes,
cardboards, metal cans, ashes, etc.
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wastes that originate in offices,
wholesale and retail stores, restaurants,
hotels, markets, warehouses and other
commercial establishments.
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paper, plastic, glasses, etc., generated
from educational, administrative and
public buildings such as schools,
colleges, offices, prisons, etc.
9
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 Municipal Solid Waste
Major discards in municipal solid waste
Municipal
Paper

Plastics

Rubble and dust

Glass

Metals

Biodegradable organics

Hazardous organics

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 Categories of Solid Waste
Combustible, compostable and recyclable
Catagories of municipal solid waste
Newspaper, cardboard
Recyclable and combustible (not compostible)
PET bottles, HDPE, polyurethane, plastic bags, rubber pads
Recyclable (not combustible and compostable)
Aluminium beverage cans, food containers
Compostible and combustible (not recyclable)
Food waste and yard waste
Combustible (not recyclable and compostable)
Wood, textiles, rubber, leather, thermacole
Not Combustible/compostable/recyclable
Hard aluminium, construction material, batteries, synthetic organics

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 Hazardous and Non-hazardous waste

Nature
Hazardous and of Industrial
Non-hazardous waste solid waste
Characteristics - Hazardous
Corrosivity
Flammability
Reactivity
Toxicity
Categories
Chemicals
Biological
Radioactive
Explosives

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 Functional elements of MSWM
Functional elements of SWM
Generation
Storage
Collection
Transportation
Processing and Recovery
Disposal

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 Generation of MSW in India
SW Management elements

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 Generation of MSW in India
SW Management
Some data showing elements
weight measurements of MSW quantification in India

MSW generation of India (TPD)

State-wise daily MSW generation
Waste generated
20000
39031 18000
2004-05
16000 highest
2000
127486 2010-11 14000

Tons per day (TPD)

12000
100000 10000
8000
6000
4000
 MSW generation of India in the year 2010-11
2000
increased by 21.56% from year 2000 0
ra al u s h sh la h i at aka an
h t n g ad e e ra el ar t h
s
ra t Be
d
l N Pra Pra
d
Ke D uj rna j ast
a i G
Source: Central Pollution Control Board ah es Tam ttar ra Ka Ra
M W U n dh
(CPCB) India, 2000 A

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 MSW composition
Generation/storage

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 SW Management elements
Generation/storage

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 Collection and transportation
SW Management elements
Collection and transportation

Major budgetary expenditure of Municipal operations

Emerging management strategies

Contracting of maintenance, equipment and vehicle fleet

Service contracts for waste collection and transportation

Long term concession projects for resource recovery

Waste composting projects

Waste to Energy (WTE) projects

Community contracting

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 Collection and transportation
Household waste SW Management elements
segregation

e t w a st e e.g.,
W
he n w a ste i n
kit c s
green bin
te from
Dry was
s in
all room
s
blue bin Domesti
c
ar d o u s waste
haz
e.g., from
t hr o o m s in
Residents are dropping ba
ins
A collection
segregatedvehicle
wastes collecting
in segregated yellow b
segregated householdvehicle
bins of collection wastes in
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 Segregation of Household waste
BASIC SEGREGATION
Wet waste (green bin) Dry waste (Blue bin) Domestic Hazardous
With further sub-segregation
Food wastes of all kinds, Paper Containers & Rags Metals Glass E-waste,
cooked and uncooked, cardboard packaging of all Rubber (all kinds) Inerts Hazardous wastes (paint,
including eggshells and & cartons kinds excluding Wood House oil, chemicals and
bones, flower, fruit and those containing Discarded sweepings and solvents, pesticides and
waste including juice, hazardous clothing inerts (not their empty containers),
vegetable peels and materials Furniture garden, yard or Household medical
household garden/plant Compound street waste,
wastes. Soiled tissues, packaging sweepings) Batteries, Lights bulbs,
food wrappers, paper (tetrapak, blisters tube lights and Compact
towels; fish and meat etc.) Plastics Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
Car batteries, oil filters
and car care products and
consumables

Source: Adapted from Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management (First Edition), Central Public Health and
Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO), 2000, Ministry of Urban Development.

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 Material Recovery Facilities (MRF)
Material Recovery Facilities (MRF)
A materials recovery facility (MRF) or multi
reuse facility is a specialized plant that
receives, separates and prepares recyclable
materials for marketing to end-user
manufacturers.

A MRF facility in San Diego, CA

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 Material Recovery Facilities (MRF)
MRF at New Delhi Railway Station (NDRS), India- Mixed-waste processing facility
 The Railways has been working with SAFAI
SENA (a waste pickers’ association), itinerant
buyers and waste traders (small-scale), and
CHINTAN (non-profit organization) to
achieve zero waste goals since 2012.

 The MRF at the NDLS stands on a former

garbage dump, which has been transformed to
provide a dignified and clean working space
for trained rag-pickers to carry out their
livelihoods.
https://youtu.be/2-ZgxJfHIyU

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 Waste transformation processes
Properties of solid waste
Transformation processes
Physical – separation, volume reduction, size reduction
Chemical – combustion, pyrolysis, gasification
Biological – composting (aerobic/anaerobic)
Importance of transformation
Improve efficiency of SWM systems
Recover reusable and recyclable materials
To recover conversion products and energy

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Solid Waste Management – Source Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MS8vfcTmSM:
Video – Solid Waste Management of Indore City
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtaFjkkozvE:
Video – Decentralized Biowaste Management of Indore City
https://www.smartcityindore.org/video-gallery/:
Video - Bioremediation of Solid Waste
https://www.smartcityindore.org/solid-waste/:
Write-up
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/transforming-trash-into-treasur
e-the-swedish-way-54391
:
Write-up
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 Processing and recovery of MSW
Energy Recovery from SW
Processing and recovery
Management strategies
Incineration/Pyrolysis
Composting
Incineration
Controlled combustion process for burning SWM
Heat value of typical MSW – 8.8 kcal/kg (coal – 545 kcal/kg)
Problematic components of incineration – particulate dust, sulphur and nitrogen
oxides, chlorine compounds, hydrocarbons
APCDs for control measures
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 INCINERATION/COMBUSTION of MSW
WASTE AS A FUEL
 The primary difference between waste incineration and other
combustion systems is that the waste incineration process
treats incoming waste with great variation.
 Practical design limits allowable variations of waste
composition.
Range of waste parameters for viability of energy recovery
Parameters Desirable Range*

Moisture content < 45 %

Organic/Volatile matter > 40 %
Fixed Carbon < 15 %
Total Inerts < 35 %
Calorific Value (Net Calorific Value) >1500 k-cal/kg
Source: Manual of Municipal Solid Waste Management, India - 2016
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 Incineration of MSW

 Heat recovery efficiency – 70%

 Amount of steam produced varies from 1.0 to 3.5 kg/kg of MSW

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 Compost : Mechanism of Composting

Composting is a biochemical process in which aerobic and anaerobic

microorganism decomposes organic matter into valuable manure called as
compost.
Release heat
(Thermophilic state, which helps
to destroy pathogens)

Organic matter Organic matter compost

Temp 55-60 c o

(Mesophilic state ,Temp. 25-

30o c, promote mesophilic
microbes for rapid
decomposition )

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 Composting temperatures
Composting temperatures

Thermophilic

Mesophilic

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 Compost : Methods of Composting

Conventional pile composting Direct/Trench composting

Source: Source:
https://www.globalverticalgardening.co https://www.veggiegardener.com/
m/composting/7-factors-needed-for-a- use-direct-composting-in-your-
garden/
compost-pile

Pit composting
Source: https://www.mygov.in/task/new-india-championship-
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 Windrow composting
 Windrow systems
 Static pile
 Agitated pile

Static piles (windrow composting)

Compost windrow turners are Source:
used to mix and stir compost material Self propelled
Compost windrowwindrow
turners arestraddling
used to mixcomposting machine
and stir compost material
https://www.compost-systems.com/en/loesungen/offen-
in commercial agitated composting operations. in commercial agitated composting operations.
befestigt
Source: http://compostwindrowturner.blogspot.com/2017/01/self- Source: http://compostwindrowturner.blogspot.com/2017/01/self-
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 In-vessel drum composting systems
In-vessel drum composting systems
 Rotary drum composting provides agitation, aeration and
mixing of the compost, to produce a consistent and uniform
end product.

 In warm, moist environments with ample amount of

oxygen and organic material available, aerobic microbes
flourish and decompose the waste at a quicker pace.

In-vessel - rotary drum composter

Source: Schematic diagram of a rotary drum composter
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 Vermicomposting

• Increase in crop for improving fertility and

health of the soil
• Increase in retention of soil moisture
• Increase in nutrient value of organic waste

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 Potential for MSW composting
Potential for composting MSW
 Among the many criteria available for evaluating system performance, three stand out as
particularly important for MSW composting: product quality,percent rejects, and recycling
rate.
 Compost product quality can include aesthetic, functional, and contaminant characteristics, all
of which are clearly critical to product marketability.
 Percent rejects and recycling rate both have an impact on the amount of rejected waste
needing disposal and on compost quality by effecting contaminant concentrations.
 The practical application of this process to MSW, is limited by three problems:
 Lack of markets for the finished product
 Small reduction in the total refuse content/volume requiring disposal
 Environmental factors of composting plants (odour, vector, bird menace, etc,)

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 Conventional Dumping

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 Sanitary landfills

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 Post-closure care and use of old landfills
Final use alternatives include
Golf courses (Illinois Golf Course, Chicago)
Natural parks (Shabrat Alam, Malaysia)
Solar land fill (Georgia)
Ski slopes (Mount Trashmore)
Parking lots (MIT Campus, Cambridge)

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