Unit 1

Practical Research 1
Senior High School Applied - Academic

Unit 1: Nature of Research
Lesson 1
Research and Its Importance
How are
human
innovations
made possible?
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EXPLAIN EXTEND 3
Defining Research
Research is “the systematic study of materials

and sources in order to establish facts and
reach new conclusions” (Oxford English
Dictionary, as cited in O’Leary 2004).

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Individual
curiosities
Everyday life Random

experiences observations
Defining Question
Research
Research begins with a question.

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Defining Research
Question Answer
You do research when you gather information

to seek answers to your question.
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Defining Research
Observation: Question:
You have a hard time falling “Why do I have a hard time
asleep at night when you falling asleep when I take a
drink a chocolate-flavored chocolate-flavored drink at
drink before sleeping. night?”
Answer: Gathered information:

Some of the ingredients in The list of ingredients of the
the chocolate-flavored drink chocolate-flavored drink and
are known to boost energy their uses
levels.
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Types of Research
Basic research Applied research
Purpose: Purpose:
To gain broader To find solutions to
understanding of a actual problems
particular problem or
phenomenon

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Types of Research
Basic research Applied research
Outcome: Outcome:
New ideas, concepts, New ideas and concepts
and/or theories that that have direct real-life
broaden understanding application
but may not be
applicable in real life
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Basic research is
mostly theoretical
and is not directly
applicable to real-life
problems and
concerns.

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Examples of Basic Research
● The role of the

government in providing
basic social services
● Therapeutic effects of
pet ownership
● Parenting styles across
different Asian cultures

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Applied research
has obvious and
immediate
applications.

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Examples of Applied Research
● The effectiveness of
vaccines in preventing
infectious diseases
● The effectiveness of
social media
advertisements in
increasing sales

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Remember
Basic research produces

knowledge to understand the
world better. Applied research
uses this knowledge in the daily
lives of people.
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Types of Research
informs
Basic Research Applied Research
can lead to more
Basic research and applied research are

related to each other.
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15
Types of Research
informs
Basic Research Applied Research
can lead to more
Example: A study of chemical components (basic research) can lead to the

development of medicines based on this knowledge (applied research).
Further research on these products can lead back to basic research.
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Doing research is important because…
● It helps us understand the world

Importance better.
of Research ● It allows us to find answers to
problems.
● It enables us to evaluate our
answers to different problems.

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How can I do basic or applied
research in my field of study?
18
Quick Check
This is the type of research that is most useful

for practical purposes.

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19
Quick Check
This is the type of research that generates new

knowledge, ideas, concepts, or theories.

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20
Quick Check
Classify this research topic as

basic or applied research:
A study on effective teaching methods

for children under 5 years old

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21
Bibliography
Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research, 3rd ed.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Neuman, W. Lawrence. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 7th ed.
Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2014.
O’Leary, Zina. The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: SAGE Publications Ltd., 2004.
Schutt, Russell K. Investigating the Social World: The Process and Practice of Research, 9th ed.
California: SAGE Publications Inc., 2019.
Vanderstoep, Scott W., and Deirdre D. Johnston. Research Methods for Everyday Life: Blending
Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2009.
22
Lesson 2
Research Process and Ethics
What are the
processes
involved in
doing
research?

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● Recognize the characteristics of
Learning research.
Objectives ● Enumerate the steps involved
At the end of the in the research process.
lesson, you should be ● Explain the importance of
able to do the
following: ethics in research.

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25
1. What are the characteristics of
research?
2. What are the steps involved in the

research process?
3. Why is ethics important in

research?
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Research is
controlled and
manipulated to
Characteristics
understand the
of Research
relationship
between two or
more variables.

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Research follows
stringent
procedures to find
Characteristics out the answers to
of Research questions that are
relevant and
appropriate in
nature.

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Research is
systematic as it
follows a step-
Characteristics by-step
of Research
procedure to
answer
research
questions.

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Data are correct
and verifiable by
Characteristics the researcher
of Research
and eventually, by
the readers of the
research work.

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Research must be
totally based on
hard evidence
Characteristics
of Research gathered from
observations and
real-life
experiences.

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The Research Process

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32
Phase 1

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33
Phase 2

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34
Phase 3

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35
Principles in Research Ethics
Ethical Principles Explanation
Honesty All researchers must honestly present information on data,

results, research methods and procedures, and status of work.
Researchers must not falsify and distort the data to deceive the
public.
Objectivity Researchers should remove any form of bias in all stages of

research. All observations and data collected must not be
changed in any way to agree with the wants of the researchers.
Prudence Researchers must be careful in evaluating their own work.

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Responsible publication Researchers must publish their results and share it to other
people for the sake of science and the pursuit of knowledge.
Confidentiality Researchers must save and secure confidential information of

anyone involved in the research project, especially the
respondents for their target samples.
Respect for Intellectual The researchers must respect patents, copyright rights, and
other forms of intellectual property. It is a criminal act for
Property
anyone to plagiarize.
EXPLAIN EXTEND 37
Social responsibility Researchers must conduct research studies that could be

beneficial to the entire society.
Anti-discrimination Researchers must avoid discrimination against any form of

social labels like sex, gender, religion, and the like.

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Remember
The research process is an endless

cycle. It does not stop when the
results are published and shared to
the rest of the community.
39
What can be the consequences if
the research does not comply
with the ethical standard?
40
Quick Check
This is the step in which the researcher must

do keen observation of his or her surroundings
to find possible subject areas to study.

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41
Quick Check
This the step that involves the process of

drafting detailed procedures for data collection
and analysis.

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42
Quick Check
Evaluate which research ethics principle can be

applied in this scenario:
The researcher tried to fabricate data for his

or her research.

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43
Wrap Up
Research process refers to the

overall steps needed to accomplish
the entire research according to the
principles of the scientific method.
44
Wrap Up
Research ethics refers to all the practices

being followed by the researcher in order to
make sure that all steps of the research
process will be done with high integrity and
followed the set standards by the
community of researchers all over the
world.
45
Wrap Up
46
Lesson 3
Qualitative and Quantitative
Research
How do we find
answers to the
questions we
have about
everyday
phenomena?

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● Differentiate qualitative from
Learning quantitative research.
Objectives
● Explain the characteristics of
At the end of the
lesson you should qualitative and quantitative
be able to research.

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49
If you were to
do research on
a particular
topic, what
type of data
would you
gather?

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Types of Research
● Qualitative research
● Quantitative research
● Mixed methods research

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Qualitative Research
● It focuses on words
along with its
construction, meanings,
and interpretations.
● It asks open-ended
questions to extract
meanings, perceptions,
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Qualitative Research
Strategies of Inquiry Data Collection
● Phenomenology ● Interviews
● Grounded theory ● Focus group
● Ethnography discussions
● Case study ● Content analysis
● Narrative research

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1. Perspectives of teachers on the
implementation of anti-bullying
policies
Examples of 2. Cultural practices of an indigenous
Qualitative group and their respective
Research meanings
3. Perceptions on the importance of
freedom of speech
4. Interpretations of political speeches
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Remember
Qualitative research may possibly

use numbers and figures, but its
analysis still focuses on words,
meanings, interpretations, and
perspectives.
55
Quantitative Research
● It is a means for testing

objective theories by
examining the relationship
among variables.
● It makes use of statistics in
the collection, analysis, and
interpretation of numerical
data.

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Quantitative Research
Strategies of Inquiry Data Collection
● Survey research ● Surveys

● Experimental ● Experiments
research

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1. Effects of physical exercise on sleep
quality
Examples of
2. Preferences of college students
Quantitative
towards computer operating systems
Research
3. Impact of social media use on rising
fashion trends

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Tips
Qualitative techniques rely on

words. Quantitative techniques
use numbers.
59
Mixed Methods Research
It employs the elements of both

qualitative and quantitative research
in terms of strategies and methods.

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Mixed Methods Research
Sequential Concurrent Transformative
It elaborates or Qualitative and A theoretical lens

expands the quantitative is used as an
findings of one methods and data overarching
method with are being used perspective within
another method. and collected at a design that
the same time. contains both
quantitative and
qualitative data.

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Sequential Concurrent
Qualitative Quantitative
expounded by
Qualitative Quantitative
Quantitative Qualitative
expounded by

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62
Remember
Mixed methods research does not

only combine qualitative and
quantitative techniques. It also
considers the complementarity of
the two techniques.
63
Comparing qualitative and quantitative research
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
Advantages ● It provides a richer and deeper ● Findings are generalizable and

understanding of the phenomenon. reflective of the population due to
● Participants can provide deeper, the large number of participants.
more detailed, and specific answers ● Use of statistical methods in the
to the questions. collection and analysis of data gives
validity and reliability to the findings.
Disadvantages ● Number of participants (sample ● Depth of the answers of the

size) is smaller compared to participants is limited due to the
quantitative research. large sample size and the use of
● Narrative findings from a small closed-ended questions.
number of participants are not ● Data expressed as numbers may not
generalizable for the whole always capture the complexities of
population. the phenomenon under study.
EXPLAIN EXTEND 64
Based on your own track and strand,
which type of research are you more
inclined to do?
65
Practice
Based on the characteristics of qualitative

and quantitative research, think of
two phenomena which may be studied
using each research design.

EXPLAIN EXTEND 66
Quick Check
This type of research asks open-ended

questions to extract meaning, perceptions,

EXPLAIN EXTEND 67
Quick Check
This is the type of mixed methods research

that uses the techniques of both qualitative
and quantitative research at the same time.

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Quick Check
1. The experiences of adults

Classify the different going into retirement
research topics as
2. Frequency of using mobile
qualitative or banking applications
quantitative
3. The role of art in elementary
research education

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69
Wrap Up
The three main types of research are

qualitative, quantitative, and mixed
methods research.
Each type of research has strategies of

inquiry and employs specific methods of
data collection.
70
Wrap Up
71
Bibliography
Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 3rd
ed. California: SAGE Publications Inc., 2009.
Leavy, Patricia. Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, and
Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches. New York: The Guilford Press, 2017.
Neuman, W. Lawrence. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 7th ed.
Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2014.
O’Leary, Zina. The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: SAGE Publications Ltd., 2004.
Vanderstoep, Scott W., and Deirdre D. Johnston. Research Methods for Everyday Life: Blending
Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2009.
72

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Practical Research 1

Senior High School Applied - Academic

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

Research is “the systematic study of materials

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

Everyday life Random

Research begins with a question.

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

You do research when you gather information

Answer: Gathered information:

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

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● The role of the

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

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Basic research produces

Basic Research Applied Research

can lead to more

Basic research and applied research are

Basic Research Applied Research

can lead to more

Example: A study of chemical components (basic research) can lead to the

● It helps us understand the world

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This is the type of research that is most useful

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This is the type of research that generates new

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

Classify this research topic as

A study on effective teaching methods

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2. What are the steps involved in the

3. Why is ethics important in

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Ethical Principles Explanation

Honesty All researchers must honestly present information on data,

Objectivity Researchers should remove any form of bias in all stages of

Prudence Researchers must be careful in evaluating their own work.

Ethical Principles Explanation

Confidentiality Researchers must save and secure confidential information of

Ethical Principles Explanation

Social responsibility Researchers must conduct research studies that could be

Anti-discrimination Researchers must avoid discrimination against any form of

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

The research process is an endless

This is the step in which the researcher must

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This the step that involves the process of

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Evaluate which research ethics principle can be

The researcher tried to fabricate data for his

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT