Steam Turbines - Sg. STANCU Cosmin

NAVAL ACADEMY OF THE HEROES OF WESTERPLATTE
Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
STEAM TURBINES
„Methods of regulating the power of steam turbines”
Student sergeant: Stancu Cosmin Alexandru

04/09/2024
1
INTRODUCTION
 In the field of energy conversion, Steam turbines play a crucial part. A steam turbine is a
machine that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do
mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. The design and operational procedures of
steam turbine is highly advanced and considered as fully fledged technological
components.
 The regulation of steam turbine is required for controlling and regulating the output of a
turbine according to variable demands in service. This regulation of turbine is done by
maintaining accurate and positive control of speed, pressure and flow by employing
governors. Governing of turbine maintains the speed of turbine at constant level
irrespective of load.
 Governing is effected by varying the amount of steam which is further done by changing
the positions of control valves. In governing system along with the change of quantity
of steam the quality of steam also changes.
04/09/2024
2
REGULATION THE POWER OF STEAM TURBINES
The regulation of the steam turbines is used to adapt the power of the turbine in a constant velocity
to the requirements of the charge, the alternator. The variation in load during the operation of a
steam turbine can have a significant impact on its performance. The primary objective in the steam
turbine operation is to maintain a constant speed of rotation irrespective of the varying load. This
can be achieved by means of governing in a steam turbine.
The rate of power generation by a steam turbine depends on

– The inlet and outlet pressures of the expanding steam. While the exact values of these
properties have their importance, the difference between the inlet and the outlet pressures is
strongly correlated to the power generation capacity of the turbine, pointing to this difference as
the main constituent of the power generation driving force. All remaining interactions and
effects are secondary to the specific power generation (per unit of steam flow).
– The flow rate of the expanding steam. Generally, the trend is that larger flow rate results in
more power generation. The trend lines are mostly linear, but with segmentation, as a result of
discrete regimes changing each other
04/09/202 3
There are different types of steam turbine regulation:

 The qualitative regulation or throttle governing, which consists in the control of
the pressure of the steam in the entrance of the turbine
 The quantitative regulation or nozzles governing, where the control is over the
number of nozzles or stages of the turbine that receive the steam
 Bypass governing of steam turbine
 Combined governing, combination of above as „throttle and nozzle control
governing” or „throttle and by-pass governing”
04/09/202 4
THROTTLE REGULATION
Throttle regulation of steam turbine is most popular and easiest way to control the turbine speed.
When steam turbine controls its output speed by varying the quantity of steam entering the turbine
is called Throttle Governing. It is also known as Servomotor methods.
Throttle governing of steam turbine bases

upon the throttling of steam up to suitable
pressure and regulate the mass flow of steam
through the turbine so as to control the output
of turbine. Here in throttle governing, aim is
to alter the mass flow rate as for example by
reducing it, the available energy gets reduced
and hence lowering of output.
5
04/09/20
The main parts of a simple throttle governing system are the throttle-stop valves and especially
control valves between steam generators and the main turbine. The primary aim of control valves
is to reduce the steam flow rate. Incidental to reducing the mass rate of flow, the steam
experiences an increasing pressure drop across the control valve, which is an isenthalpic process.
Although throttling is an isenthalpic process, the enthalpy drop available for work in the turbine is
reduced because this causes an increase in the vapor quality of outlet steam.
This governing is made by getting down the

pressure of the steam, this is made by closing
a valve in the entrance of the turbine, the
process is called lamination. As the valve is
closed, the constant enthalpy process occurs
through the valve with an increase in entropy
and a decrease in availability of energy per
unit of mass flow rate. It may be noted that
even when the valve is fully open, there is a
drop of pressures. So with this type of
regulation there is a loss of pressure at all
loads of the turbine.
6
04/09/20
Also due to throttling the state of steam entering turbine stage gets modified and the modified
expansion line for each load is obtained. It may be noted that even when the governor valve is full
open the pressure drop does occur and thus it can be said that throttling is evident at all loads on
turbine.
Representation of throttle governing on h-s

diagram shows that the steam is available at
state ‘0’ at p0 pressure in the main steam line.
At the inlet from main steam line when the
governor valve is full open the throttling
results in modified state 1 from where
expansion occurs following path 1–3 under
isentropic expansion and non-isentropic
expansion occurs following path 1–3`.
7
04/09/20
When mass flow rate is reduced for

reduced load on turbine then this partial
closing of valve causes throttling as
shown by 1–2. Now as a result of this
throttling from 1 to 2 the modified
expansion paths are 2–4 and 2–4` for
isentropic and non-isentropic expansion
in turbine. Thus it shows that as a result
of throttling the available energy gets
reduced from h1-3` to h2-4` and h2-4` <
h1-3`. Hence this lowering of available
energy causes reduced output from
turbine.
8
04/09/20
Throttle governing system consists of a centrifugal governor, a lever, an oil pump, a pilot piston,
a control valve, a relay piston and a throttle valve.
In this system, a centrifugal governor is driven

from the main shaft of turbine by belt or gear
arrangement. A control valve is used to control
the direction of oil flow which supplied by the
pipe AA or BB. The servomotor or relay valve
has a piston which moves towards left or right
depending upon the pressure of oil flow through
the pipes AA or BB. This cylinder has connected
a needle which moves inside the nozzle. When
the turbine is running at normal speed,
everything in the turbine such as such control
valve, servomotor, piston position, fly balls of
centrifugal governor will be in their normal
position as shown in the figure. The mouth of
both pipes AA or BB is closed into the control
valves
04/09/20 9
Schematic of simple throttle governing in steam

turbines
Here a centrifugal governor is used to sense the
change in speed of shaft. The relay system has a
pilot valve and servomotor. The displacement of
servomotor piston either upward or downward
decides the opening of throttle valve ‘C’.
Servomotor piston is actuated by the high pressure
oil entering from pilot valve to upper or lower half
of servomotor piston D. Under normal operation
the servomotor piston occupies middle position
and pilot valves keep the inlet and exit ports in
closed position.
04/09/20 10
When oil enters the upper half of

servomotor then servomotor piston lowers
down and the throttle valve starts closing
causing reduction of steam flow rate and
so the output till the speed is maintained
to normal running speed.
Simultaneously, the oil from lower half
of servomotor gets drained out through
pilot valve port. When oil under pressure
enters lower half of servomotor then
servomotor piston gets lifted up causing
lift of throttle valve.
04/09/20 11
For throttle governing of steam turbine the steam consumption rate may be plotted with load
resulting into characteristic line called Willans line as shown in figure
During throttle governing the Willan’s line is straight line

making an intercept on y-axis. Mathematically, it can be
given as : M = K·L + M0, where:
- M is steam consumption in kg/h at any load L.
- M0 is steam consumption in kg/h at no load i.e. L = 0
- L is any load on turbine in kW.
- K is the constant and gives slope of Willan’s line.
Here it shows that even at no load the steam consumption
shall be M0 (kg/h) which is graphically given by intercept
on y-axis.
Above equation can also be written as, M/L= K +M0L
where, M/L is the specific steam consumption at any
load, kg/kWh and M0/L is the specific steam
consumption at no load, kg/ kWh.
04/09/20 12
Throttle Governing is the most widely used method

in steam turbine governing for smaller turbines
where the steam flow is less. Low initial cost and
simple mechanism makes throttle governing the
most apt method for small steam turbines.
Disadvantages due to throttle action at inlet:
(a)Throttling increases initial superheat at inlet
and the greatest variations in steam velocity occur
in the later stages.
(b)The wetness of steam gets reduced in later
stages due to throttling. Due to this reduced
wetness there occurs reduction in stage efficiency
at part load operation of turbine.
04/09/20 13
NOZZLE REGULATION
Nozzle control governing is the one in which steam flowing through nozzles is regulated by valves.
In an ideal situation with this regulation the steam instead of enter in all the nozzles of the crown of
the turbine the steam would enter only in some nozzles in all the stages. But this is not reasonable so
usually is done only in some stages. The regulation can be done controlling the power in the first
stage doing a segmentation of the disc of nozzles like in the next image
14
04/09/20
In nozzle governing the flow rate of steam is regulated by opening and shutting of sets of nozzles
rather than regulating its pressure. Nozzle control governing is generally employed at first stage
of turbine due to practical limitations. The nozzle areas in remaining stages remain constant.
If some how the nozzle governing is

provided for all nozzles in each and
every stage then an ideal condition of
turbine flow passage areas conforming to
mass flow rate at all loads shall exist.
Under such ideal conditions the pressure,
velocities and nozzle and blade
efficiencies would be constant with load.
For such ideal condition the Willan’s line
would be straight line as indicated for
throttle governing of turbine
15
04/09/20
The segmentation can be done dividing the distributing conduct in circular sectors and feeding
each sector with closing and opening valves, like in the next image. In nozzle governing the
nozzles of turbines are grouped in two, three or more groups up o six or eight groups. When
nozzle governing is employed then the pressure and temperature of steam entering first stage
nozzles are independent of load. Figure shows the schematic of nozzle control governing.
16
04/09/20
As the valves are being regulated for

actuating nozzle control governing so there
occurs some throttling of steam at each valve.
However, the amount of throttling is
considerably lesser and the decrease in
availability of energy to turbine is not too
much. In order to avoid this occurrence of
throttling very large number (infinite) of
nozzle and governing valves may be put.
17
04/09/20
The process of closing part of the crown of nozzles in the first stage is represented in the next
image:
To close some part of the nozzles of the first

stage, the steam expands until a lower
pressure B´, with a weak charge and with
worse efficiency. From here the rest of the
turbine works like as a lamination regulation,
with the exception that the admission point
doesn´t move over a isenthalpic line, it moves
in a polytrophic line with the form:
18
04/09/20
BY PASS GOVERNING
By pass governing of steam turbine is a method where a bypass line is provided for the steam.
Especially this is used when turbine is running in overloaded condition During such operation,
bypass valves are opened, and live steam is introduced into the later stages of the turbine. This
generates more energy to satisfy the increased load.
The bypass line is provided for passing the

steam from first stage nozzle box into a later
stage where work output increase. This bypass
steam is automatically regulated by the lift of
valve which is under the control of the speed of
the governor for all loads within its range.
Bypass valve is open to release the fresh stem
into the later stage of the turbine. In the later
stage output, work is increased and the
efficiency is low due to the throttle effect.
04/09/20
19
COMBINED GOVERNING
Some times when the governing

requirements are not met by any one kind
of arrangements of governing i.e. throttle,
nozzle control and by pass governing,
then the combination of two governing
mechanisms may be employed.
These popular combinations are ‘throttle
and nozzle control combined governing’
and ‘throttle and by pass combined
governing’.
20
04/09/20
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF REGULATION

Throttle governing involves controlling the steam flow to the turbine by adjusting the throttle
valve. This method regulates the power output of the turbine by controlling the amount of steam
entering the turbine.
Nozzle governing, on the other hand, involves controlling the flow of steam through the turbine
nozzles. This method regulates the power output by adjusting the size of the steam flow passages
in the turbine nozzles.
Throttle governing is more common in older turbines, while nozzle governing is often used in
modern turbines for more precise control. Throttle Governing is the most widely used method in
steam turbine governing for smaller turbines where the steam flow is less. The nozzle control
governing cannot be used for multistage impulse turbine due to small heat drop in first stage.
It is also desirable in multistage impulse turbine to have full admission into high pressure stages
to reduce the partial admission losses. In such cases by-pass governing is generally employed.
Bypass governing is employed in small capacity turbines running on high pressure conditions
and with small blading dimensions.
04/09/202 21
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THROTTLE GOVERNING AND NOZZLE GOVERNING

THROTTLE GOVERNING NOZZLE GOVERNING
All the valves in set opens or closes The valves in a set opens or closes
simultaneously consequentially or in sequence
It is full arc admission turbine It is partial arc admission turbine except at full
load
It is most suitable for full load or based load It is good for low load or variable load turbines
plants
Because of throttling of the steam at the inlet of The degree of losses in the nozzle governing
the turbine there are important throttling losses valves is negligible
It has smaller losses due to partial admission of It has large partial admission losses.
steam.
This type is used in both impulse turbines and This regulation is used in impulse turbines and
reaction turbines. only in reaction turbines that have initial
impulse stages.
04/09/20 22
24
The nozzle governing is better than throttle governing because for each case of mass flow,
efficiency is higher in the nozzle governing one. This is because of the throttle losses caused at
regulation valve in the throttle regulation, while losses in the inlet of the turbine in nozzle
governing are negligible.
It is true that in nozzle regulation, the partial admission losses are larger than in throttle
regulation, but this type of losses is not so important as the throttle ones.
So it is possible to say that nozzle governing is better than throttle governing when the cycle
works in off-design loads
nozzle governing throttle governing

23
04/09/20
SYSTEM OF CONTROL AND REGULATION
The system of regulation of the steams turbines is very linked with the work of the whole plant
where the turbines are. So there isn´t a only system, but the most common and basic elements of
control are:
1. Revolution counter 2. Measurer of the

eccentricity of the rotor 3. Measurer of
rotor position 4. Vibrations measurer 5.
Measurer of temperature and pressure of
the bearing oil 6. Measurer of the
deferential expansion 7. Measurer of
temperature and pressure of the
labyrinthine closing 8.Measurer of the
pressure in the entrances of the nozzles
9.Measurer of the position of the admission
valve 10.Measurer of flux, pressure and
temperature 11.Measurer of the temperature
and pressure of the steam conducts.
04/09/20 24
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 https://www.britannica.com/technology/turbine/Turbine-staging
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234034016_STEAM_TURBINE
 https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2099.1/16866/Ricardo_Sanchez.pdf
 https://www.mechinopedia.com/2022/03/throttle-governing-of-steam-turbines.html
 https://www.scribd.com/document/142472859/Governing-of-Steam-Turbines
04/09/2024 25
Thank You for your Attention!
04/09/2024 26

Steam Turbines - Sg. STANCU Cosmin

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Steam Turbines - Sg. STANCU Cosmin

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NAVAL ACADEMY OF THE HEROES OF WESTERPLATTE

Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering

Student sergeant: Stancu Cosmin Alexandru

REGULATION THE POWER OF STEAM TURBINES

The rate of power generation by a steam turbine depends on

There are different types of steam turbine regulation:

Throttle governing of steam turbine bases

This governing is made by getting down the

Representation of throttle governing on h-s

When mass flow rate is reduced for

In this system, a centrifugal governor is driven

Schematic of simple throttle governing in steam

When oil enters the upper half of

During throttle governing the Willan’s line is straight line

Throttle Governing is the most widely used method

If some how the nozzle governing is

As the valves are being regulated for

To close some part of the nozzles of the first

The bypass line is provided for passing the

Some times when the governing

ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF REGULATION

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THROTTLE GOVERNING AND NOZZLE GOVERNING

nozzle governing throttle governing

SYSTEM OF CONTROL AND REGULATION

1. Revolution counter 2. Measurer of the

Thank You for your Attention!

You might also like