Camera Lens

Camera Lens
-a transparent medium
which either converge or
diverge light rays passing
through it to form an image.

- is an optical lens or
assembly of lenses used in
conjunction with
a camera body and
mechanism to make images
of objects either
on photographic film or on
other media capable of
storing an image chemically
or electronically.
Convergent,
Convex or
Positive lens
Lens that possesses at
least one surface that curves
outwards.
It causes light to
deviate inward, bringing the
rays of light to a focus, and is
used to correct long-
sightedness.
Light passing through
it are bended toward each
other on the other side of the
lens meeting at a point.
Divergent, Concave, or
negative lens

Lens that possesses at

least one surface that curves
inwards.
It is a diverging lens,
spreading out those light
rays that have been refracted
through it.
Light passing therough
it are bended away from each
other as if coming from a one
point.
A concave lens is
thinner at its centre than at its
edges.
Spherical aberrations
is an optical problem that occurs when all
incoming light rays end up focusing at different points
after passing through a spherical surface.
Light rays passing through a lens near its
horizontal axis are refracted less than rays closer to the
edge or “periphery” of the lens and as a result, end up
in different spots across the optical axis. In other
words, the parallel light rays of incoming light do not
converge at the same point after passing through the
lens.
Chromatic aberrations
also known as “color fringing” or “purple fringing”.
is a common optical problem that occurs when a lens
is either unable to bring all wavelengths of color to the
same focal plane, and/or when wavelengths of color are
focused at different positions in the focal plane.
is caused by lens dispersion, with different colors of
light travelling at different speeds while passing through a
lens. As a result, the image can look blurred or noticeable
colored edges (red, green, blue, yellow, purple, magenta)
can appear around objects, especially in high-contrast
situations.
 A perfect lens would focus all wavelengths into
a single focal point, where the best focus with the
“circle of least confusion” is located.
 Lenses with Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration
problems can show fringing around objects throughout the
image, even in the center. Red, Green, Blue or a combination
of these colors can appear around objects.
Astigmatism

Astigmatism (pointlessness) is when a point

sending light through a lens cannot be projected as one
point behind the lens. It appears as a line on the focal
plane.
Coma
a shortcoming in a camera lens where light
rays, bumping into the objective far from it's
optical axis do not come to focus within the
identical image plane.

The coma, or comatic aberration, in an

optical system refers to aberration inherent to
certain optical designs or due to imperfection in
the lens or other components that results in off-
axis point sources such as stars appearing
distorted, appearing to have a tail (coma) like
a comet.
Curvature of field
Field Curvature, also known as “curvature of
field”
a common optical problem that causes a flat
object to appear sharp only in a certain part(s) of the
frame, instead of being uniformly sharp across the
frame.
this happens due to the curved nature of optical
elements, which project the image in a curved manner,
rather than flat.
Barrel lens distortion
an effect associated with wide-angle lenses and, in
particular, zoom wide-angles. This effect causes images to be
spherized, which means the edges of images look curved and
bowed to the human eye.
It almost appears as though the photo image has been
wrapped around a curved surface. It is most visible in images
that have straight lines in them, as these lines appear to be
bowed outward.
Pincushion distortion
a lens effect which causes images to become
pinched in the center. It is most often associated with
telephoto lenses, and in particular, zoom telephotos.
the distortion will usually occur at the telephoto
end of the lens. The pincushion distortion effect
increases with the distance the object is from the
optical axis of the lens.
 Type of lenses
according to degree
of correction
Achromatic lens
used to
minimize or
eliminate chromatic
aberration.
the
achromatic design
also helps minimize
spherical
aberrations.
Rapid rectilinear lens

lens use to
correct and minimize
distortion.
Anastigmat lens
completely corrected
for spherical
aberration,
coma, and astigmatism.
Apochromatic lens
the result is
images which have
greater contrast,
sharpness and color.
Also corrected
for astigmatism but
with higher degree of
correction to color.
Types of Lenses According to Focal
Length
Wide angle lens
Normal lens
Telephoto lens
Zoom lens
Focal Length
The distance measured from the optical center of the
lens to the focal plane when the lens is focused at infinity
position or far distance.
The focal length number tells us how much of the
scene is captured in the picture.
The lower the number, the more we can see.
A wide angle setting (zoomed out), where you can
see a lot of the scene, has a small number or shorter focal
length.
A narrow angle setting (zoomed in), where you can
see only a small part of the scene, has a large number or
longer focal length.
Wide-angle lens
A lens having a
wide area coverage but
produces a small image
size.
usually used to take
pictures indoor or inside a
small room.
also used outdoor
to get a panoramic view.
Normal lens
it corresponds to
nearly the coverage
of the human eye.
Telephoto lens
it provides a
bigger image of an
object at far distance
but its area of
coverage is smaller.
Zoom lens
a lens with
variable focal
length. It allows
fine-tuning of
subject framing by
adjusting the focal
length of the lens