“QUANTITATIVE

DATA-COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES”
 Learning Competencies
The learner:
1. explain the meaning of quantitative data;
2. describe each quantitative data-collection instrument
3. specify the appropriate data-collection instruments
for each data-collection method;
4. evaluate the effectiveness of interview questions; and
5. name the right quantitative measurement scale for a
research question.
 PRETEST
____1. Using your sense organs to gather facts or information about
people, things, places, and events is a type of
quantitative collecting technique called
________.
A. survey B. observation
B. observation
C. content analysis
D. experiment
____2. _____________ is a paper containing series of questions
formulated for an individual.
B. questionnaire
A. survey
B. questionnaire
C. observation
 PRETEST
____3. An ___________ observation is if you see and hear them, not
through your own eyes and ears, but by means of
technological and electronic gadgets.
A. direct
B. indirect B. indirect
C. sample
D. category
____4. In a _______ survey data are collected with the help of written,
structured tools, such as questionnaires,
opinionnaires.
B. written
A. oral
B. written
C. phone
D. electronic
 PRETEST

____5. An _________ is a scientific method of collecting data whereby

you give the subjects a sort of treatment or condition then evaluate the
results.
A. experiment A. experiment
B. observation
C. content analysis
D. survey
 MOTIVATION
Motivation Word Boards
 Looking Back
WHY DO WE ANALYZE DATA?
The purpose of analyzing data is to obtain
usable and useful information. The analysis,
irrespective of whether the data is qualitative
or quantitative, may:
• describe and summarize the data
• identify relationships between variables
• compare variables
• identify the difference between variables
• forecast outcomes
 Looking Back

Analysis of data begins with a procedure

that is commonly termed validation.
Validation means a thorough check of the
analytical method to ensure that an adequate
quality control process has been used.
DIRECTION: Based on your Prior Knowledge, kindly describe
quantitative research. Your may give descriptive words or
descriptors.
The role of Quantitative Research in our Daily Lives
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Definition of Quantitative Data
• Quantitative data is defined as the value of data in the
form of counts or numbers where each data-set has a
unique numerical value associated with it.
• This data is any quantifiable information that can be
used for mathematical calculations and statistical
analysis, such that real-life decisions can be made
based on these mathematical derivations.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Definition of Quantitative Data
• Quantitative data is used to answer questions such as
“How many?”, “How often?”, “How much?” This data
can be verified and can also be conveniently evaluated
using mathematical techniques.
• These data result from sensory experiences whose
descriptive qualities such as age, shape, speed,
amount, weight, height, number, positions, and the like
are measurable.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Definition of Quantitative Data
• Denoting quantity, these words appear in records in
numerical forms that are either discrete (1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6...) or continuum (amount of flour...). However, these
quantitative data become useful only in so far as they
give answers to your research questions. (Russell 2013;
Creswell 2013). analytical procedure should exist,
and validation then consists of verifying that the data
quality objectives set forth at the beginning of the
program have been met.
 ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

• Quantitative data makes measuring various parameters

controllable due to the ease of mathematical derivations
they come with. Quantitative data is usually collected
1. OBSERVATION
for statistical analysis using surveys, polls or
2. SURVEY
questionnaires sent across to a specific section of a
population.
3. EXPERIMENT
4. CONTENT ANALYSIS
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

1. OBSERVATION
- As a means of gathering information for
research, may be defined as perceiving
data through the senses: sight, hearing,
tastes, touch and smell.
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

1. OBSERVATION
- Using your sense organs, you gather
facts or information about people,
things, places, events, and so on, by
watching and listening to them; then,
record the results of the functioning of
your eyes and ears.
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

1. OBSERVATION
- DIRECT OBSERVATION
- INDIRECT OBSERVATION
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

- DIRECT OBSERVATION
- Seeing, touching, and hearing the
sources of data personally, you engage
yourself in direct observation.
- Observer is physically present to
monitor
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

DIRECT OBSERVATION
- Common Direct Observational Types
a) In a usability lab or a controlled
environment
b) Naturalistic environment
c) Ethnography
 ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

a) In a usability lab or a controlled environment

A good example would be running a usability
test on the prototype of your upcoming design or
feature. While doing this type of direct observation,
the observer should not participate in the
actions, ask the user questions or offer to help at all
to avoid biasing the results and affecting what
people do.
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

b) Naturalistic environment - Naturalistic

observation, sometimes referred to as fieldwork, is
a research methodology in numerous fields of
science including ethology, anthropology,
linguistics, the social sciences, and psychology, in
which data are collected as they occur in nature,
without any manipulation by the observer.
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

c) Ethnography - Ethnography comes from the

term anthropology, where anthropologists
completely participate in the observation and live
with people to understand their customs. It
involves working within a community, learning
their culture, and letting the subjects of your
research present their own point of view in their
own words.
Ethnography In
The Philippines
Ethnography research. Filipino tribal
chief in traditional attire with a
uniformed man recording him with a
gramophone. The tribal chief is
Madallom (also Madalem or
Madalom), a leader of the Kalinga
people. The uniformed man is
Lieutenant Alexander H. Gilfillan of the
Philippine Constabulary. This
photograph, obtained in Lubuagan
Province, the Philippines, is from the
papers of US physician Victor George
Heiser (1873-1972) who worked in the
Philippines from 1903 to 1914.
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

- INDIRECT OBSERVATION
- indirect observation, if you see and hear them, not
through your own eyes and ears, but by means of
technological and electronic gadgets like audiotapes,
video records, and other recording devices used to
capture earlier events, images, or sounds.
- Example : Recording customer and employee
movements by a special motion picture camera
mounted in a department of large store.
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

- Purposes of Observation
1. To enable the researcher to gather empirical data
which are difficult to obtain by other means.
2. To enable the researcher to gather sufficient data to
supplement or verify information gathered by other
means.
3. To enable the researcher to gather information or data
needed to describe the aspect of a variable being
studied which cannot described accurately without
observation.
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

- Purposes of Observation
4. To enable the researcher to gather directly primary
data or first-hand information for his study for a
more accurate description and interpretation.
5. To enable the researcher to gather data from the
laboratory or elsewhere through experimentation.
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data
1. OBSERVATION
2. SURVEY
• Traditionally, surveys were conducted using paper-
based methods and have gradually evolved into online
mediums.
• Closed-ended questions form a major part of these
surveys as they are more effective in collecting
quantitative data.
• The survey may include answer options which they
think are the most appropriate for a particular
question.
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

2. Survey
• Surveys are integral in collecting feedback from an
audience which is larger than the conventional size. A
critical factor about surveys is that the responses
collected should be such that they can be generalized
to the entire population without significant
discrepancies.
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

2. Survey
• If survey is conducted on a sample of population, it is
called SAMPLE SURVEY, and if the entire population is
involved, it is called a POPULATION SURVEY
(census).
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

2. Survey
TYPES BASED ON METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
a. Written survey - data are collected with the help of
written, structured tools, such as questionnaires,
opinionnaires
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

2. Survey
TYPES BASED ON METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
b. Oral Survey. Data are collected by using face- to
face or telephonic conversation or oral interview
with respondents.
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

2. Survey
TYPES BASED ON METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
c. Electronic Survey.
Data are collected by using electronic means such as
electronic mail messages(Email), web forms, mobile
short – messages (SMS), Whats app messages, Chat,
Etc.,.
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT

a. Questionnaire
• Questionnaire is a paper containing series of
questions formulated for an individual and
independent answering by several respondents for
obtaining statistical information.
• Each question offers a number of probable answers
from which the respondents, on the basis or their
own judgment, will choose the best answer.
 ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

Questionnaire
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT
b. Interview
• Interview as a data-gathering technique likewise uses
interview as its data-gathering instrument.
• Similar to a questionnaire, interview makes you ask a
set of questions, only that, this time, you do it orally.
 ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data
Interview
 ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

Order of Interview Questions

• First set of questions – opening questions to
establish friendly relationships, like questions about
the place, the time, the physical appearance of the
participant, or other non-verbal things not for audio
recording
• Second set of questions – generative questions to
encourage open-ended questions like those that ask
about the respondents’ inferences, views, or opinions
about the interview topic
 ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

Order of Interview Questions

• Third set of questions – directive questions or close-
ended questions to elicit specific answers like those
that are answerable with yes or no, with one type of
an object, or with definite period of time and the like
 ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

Order of Interview Questions

• Fourth set of questions – ending questions that give
the respondents the chance to air their satisfaction,
wants, likes, dislikes, reactions, or comments about
the interview. Included here are also closing
statements to give the respondents some ideas or
clues on your next move or activity about the results
of the interview
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data
1. OBSERVATION
2. SURVEY
3. EXPERIMENT
• An experiment is a scientific method of collecting
data whereby you give the subjects a sort of
treatment or condition then evaluate the results to
find out the manner by which the treatment affected
the subjects and to discover the reasons behind the
effects of such treatment on the subjects
 ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

3. Experiment
• This quantitative data-gathering technique aims at
manipulating or controlling conditions to show which
condition or treatment has effects on the subjects
and to determine how much condition or treatment
operates or functions to yield a certain outcome.
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

3. Experiment
• The process of collecting data through
experimentation involves selection of subjects or
participants, pre-testing the subjects prior to the
application of any treatment or condition, and giving
the subjects post-test to determine the effects of the
treatment on them.
 ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data
3. Experiment
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

1. OBSERVATION
2. SURVEY
3. EXPERIMENT
4. CONTENT ANALYSIS
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

4. Content Analysis
• Content analysis is another quantitative data-
collection technique that makes you search through
several oral or written forms of communication to
find answers to your research questions.
• Used in quantitative and qualitative research studies,
this data-collection method is not only for examining
printed materials but also for analyzing information
coming from non-book materials like photographs,
films, video tapes, paintings, drawings, and the like.
ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

4. Content Analysis
• Content analysis is another quantitative data-
collection technique that makes you search through
several oral or written forms of communication to
find answers to your research questions.
• Used in quantitative and qualitative research studies,
this data-collection method is not only for examining
printed materials but also for analyzing information
coming from non-book materials like photographs,
films, video tapes, paintings, drawings, and the like.
 ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

4. Content Analysis
Practice Exercise

Survey – questionnaire
Observation

Survey – sample survey

Experimental research
 ACTIVITY 1: Techniques in Collecting
ACTIVITY Quantitative Data
ACTIVITY 2: Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data

There are two categories of scales of measurement:

Under qualitative scales of measurement are these

two:
• the nominal scale to show the classification of things
based on a certain criterion such as gender, origin,
brand, etc., and
• the ordinal scale to indicate the rank or hierarchical
order of things.
ACTIVITY 2: Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data

There are two categories of scales of measurement:

The quantitative scales of measurement are

• the interval scale for showing equal differences or
intervals between points on the scale in an arbitrary
manner (showing differences in attitudes,
inclinations, feelings, ideas, fears, opinions, etc.) and
• the ratio scale, like the interval scale, that shows
equal differences or intervals between points on the
scale.
ACTIVITY 2: Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data

There are two categories of scales of measurement:

The quantitative scales of measurement are

• the interval scale for showing equal differences or
intervals between points on the scale in an arbitrary
manner (showing differences in attitudes,
inclinations, feelings, ideas, fears, opinions, etc.) and
• the ratio scale, like the interval scale, that shows
equal differences or intervals between points on the
scale.
ACTIVITY 2: Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data
ACTIVITY 2: Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data

Nominal Scale
– categorizing people based on gender, religion, position, etc. (one
point for each) religion – Catholic, Buddhist, Protestant, Muslim
gender – male, female position – CEO, vice-president, director,
manager, assistant manager
Summing up the points per variable, you will arrive at a
certain total that you can express in terms of percentages,
fractions, or decimals like: 30% of males, 25% of females,
10% of Catholics, 405 of Buddhists, and so forth.
ACTIVITY 2: Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data

Nominal Scale
– categorizing people based on gender, religion, position, etc. (one
point for each) religion – Catholic, Buddhist, Protestant, Muslim
gender – male, female position – CEO, vice-president, director,
manager, assistant manager
Summing up the points per variable, you will arrive at a
certain total that you can express in terms of percentages,
fractions, or decimals like: 30% of males, 25% of females,
10% of Catholics, 405 of Buddhists, and so forth.
ACTIVITY 2: Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data

Ordinal Scale
 An ordinal scale is a measurement scale that allocates values to
variables based on their relative ranking with respect to one
another in a given data set.
 ranking or arranging the classified variables to determine who
should be the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc., in the group
ACTIVITY 2: Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data

Ordinal Scale
 An ordinal scale is a measurement scale that allocates values to
variables based on their relative ranking with respect to one
another in a given data set.
 ranking or arranging the classified variables to determine who
should be the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc., in the group
ACTIVITY 2: Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data

Interval Scale

– Interval scale refers to the level of measurement in which

the attributes composing variables are measured on
specific numerical scores or values and there are
equal distances between attributes.
- The distance between any two adjacent attributes is
called an interval, and intervals are always equal.
ACTIVITY 2: Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data

Ratio Scale
• Ratio scale is a type of variable measurement scale
which is quantitative in nature.
• Ratio scale allows any researcher to compare the
intervals or differences.
• Ratio scale is the 4th level of measurement and
possesses a zero point or character of origin
ACTIVITY 2: Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data
 ACTIVITY 2: Measurement Scales for
Quantitative Data

Practice Exercise

• Identify the type of Measurement Data

 ACTIVITY 2: Measurement Scales for
Quantitative Data

Activity
POST TEST
REMEMBER
 REFLECTIVE LEARNING

I. Have you ever heard of the Great Pacific Garbage

Patch? Millions of tonnes of plastic waste end up in the
ocean, and stay there
 VALUES GAINED

Research Quantitative Data - hard work in

reality and it requires great patience and control
 Assignment

Content of progress report on the research

study :
- Scope and Purpose
- Progress or any update
- Additional Work
- Remaining Questions statement
- Expected Results
- submission will be on March 14, 2022 so
that everyone will have time to prepare
END OF LESSON
 VALUES LEARNED
QUANTITATIVE DATA COLLECTION

Observation
Survey
Experiment
Content Analysis
 END OF LESSON

EXPLORING WITH
“SCIENCE PROCESS
SKILLS”
SPECIAL REMINDER

Report on group’s brainstorming activity:

- Log of what transpired on the meeting
- Journal readings of the members
- Common topic of interests
- Suggested topics to focus
Definition of RRL
Find a better or best Improve your
topic. framework.

Deepen your
discussion of results.

Strengthen your
theoretical foundation.
https://spie.org/samples/
9781510619142.pdf
http://daydreamingnumbers.com/concepts/an-introduction-to-
types-of-data-and-measurement-scales/

A Complete Guide to Types of Data and Measurement Scales

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-naturalistic-
observation-2795391

https://uxdesign.cc/direct-observation-what-when-and-how-
f09d9f2c315c