Training Course - 5G RAN3.0 Massive MIMO

5G RAN3.
0 Massive MIMO
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Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

About This Document
 Massive MIMO uses signal processing technologies to improve radio link transmission reliability and
signal quality, significantly increases spectral efficiency, expand network capacity and coverage, and
provides higher data rates and better user experience.
 This course will discuss the concept, related features, and activation verification of massive MIMO.
Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 3

Objectives
 After learning this course, you will be able to:

 Understand the concept and principles of massive MIMO.
 Understand the application scenarios, gains, and impacts on the network.
 Understand how to perform feature activation, verification, and network monitoring.

Change Information
 5G RAN3.0 introduces the following changes to 5G RAN2.1:

 Added MU-MIMO counters introduced in version 20A. Modified the control of parameters used to specify the
maximum number of layers paired for PDSCH/PDCCH/PUSCH.

Contents
1. Overview
2. Introduction to Massive MIMO
3. Network Impacts of Massive MIMO
4. Activation Verification of Massive MIMO

Evolution from MIMO to Massive MIMO
4 layers
2 layers 16+ layers
Massive MIMO

Gains of Massive MIMO
 Array gain: Coherent combination effectively increases the average post-processing SNR. The prerequisite is that channel information needs to be
known.
 Diversity gain: Repeated data transmission improves transmission reliability and reduces relative fluctuations in SNRs.
 Spatial multiplexing gain: Multiple data streams are transmitted simultaneously to increase transmission rates by utilizing the orthogonality between
spatial channels.
 Interference suppression gain: Spatially colored interference is reduced and the post-processing SINR is increased.
Array gain
Improve
Array gain system
Diversity gain coverage
Expand
Diversity Spatial system
gain
multiplexing gain capacity
Increase
Interference
Interference peak rate
suppression mitigation gain
gain

Data Stream Processing
Code words Layers Antenna ports
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal
Scrambling
mapper Precoding and mapper generation
Layer
antenna port
mapper
Modulation mapper Resource element OFDM signal
Scrambling
mapper mapper generation
Codeword: A codeword corresponds to a Layer mapping: It is used to set up a Precoding: It is used to convert
transport block (TB), which is an original mapping relationship between encoded antenna domain processing into
data block that needs to be transmitted data streams and spatial multiplexing beam domain processing based on
at the physical layer. 5G supports layers. Maximum number of spatial known spatial channel information
simultaneous transmission of two multiplexing layers ≤ Min (Number of (weight information).
relatively independent codewords using TX antennas, Number of RX antennas)
the same resource block.
Number of Codewords Number of Layers Mapping

1 1 to 4 Codeword 1 -> Layers 1 to 4
2 5 Codeword 1 -> Layers 1 to 2
Codeword 2 -> Layers 3 to 5

Massive MIMO Features
Feature Name Function
• Downlink Beamforming
FBFD-010003
• Uplink Receive Diversity
MIMO Basic Package
• Downlink Adaptive Selection Between PMI and SRS
FOFD-010020 • Downlink SU-MIMO
SU-MIMO Multiple Layers • Uplink SU-MIMO
• PDSCH Spatial Multiplexing
FOFD-010010
• PDCCH Spatial Multiplexing
MU-MIMO Basic Pairing
• PUSCH Spatial Multiplexing

Contents
1. Overview

2.1 MIMO Basic Package
2.2 SU-MIMO Multiple Layers
2.3 MU-MIMO Basic Pairing

Downlink Beamforming
 Beamforming is a function that weights the signals to be transmitted, generating narrow beams
towards UEs.
 Beamforming is supported by NR sub-6 GHz downlink channels by default. It generates narrower
beams, directs beams more accurately towards UEs, and delivers better coverage performance.

Downlink Beamforming (Cont.)
 Downlink beamforming procedure:
1. Channel correction: It ensures the reciprocity of TX and RX channels and the consistency between channels.
2. Weight calculation: The gNodeB calculates weight vectors based on downlink channel characteristics for adjusting the shapes and
directions of beams.
3. Weighting: The BBP adds the weight vectors and the to-be-transmitted data vectors for changing the amplitudes and phases of
signals.
4. Beamforming implementation: It adjusts the widths and directions of beams using the interference principles.
3
RF chain PA
Base-
band
beam- 64 PAs
1 2
forming
RF chain PA
64TRX architecture 4

Downlink Beamforming – Channel Calibration
 Background: Complete reciprocity between the uplink and downlink channel characteristics is impossible due to the amplitude
and phase differences between RF TX and RX channels. Such differences vary with the channels. To improve the reciprocity
between RF TX and RX channels, channel calibration is required.
 Basic procedure:
 Calculates the variations in the amplitudes and phases of signals transmitted on each TX channel and RX channel.
 Compensates for the variations based on the calculation result, improving the reciprocity between TX and RX channels.
 Triggering conditions of channel calibration: cell reestablishment, channel recovery, periodic triggering, and others
 Main causes of channel calibration failures: hardware faults, configuration errors (such as a too small power value), and
external interference
Calibration between
TX and RX channels
RF chain PA
Calibration between
Baseband ... channels
RF chain PA

Downlink Beamforming – Weight Calculation
 Concept: The gNodeB calculates weight vectors based on downlink channel characteristics for adjusting the shapes and directions of beams.
 Classification: Weight calculation is classified into static weight calculation for control channel/signal (SSB/PDCCH/CSI-RS) DFT and dynamic weight
calculation for PDSCH.
 Static weight calculation for control channel/signal DFT: Weights are predefined and unchanged, and obtained from weight files.
 Dynamic weight calculation for PDSCH:
 SRS-based weights: The gNodeB estimates downlink channel characteristics using uplink sounding reference signals received from UEs
based on the reciprocity between uplink and downlink channels. SRS-based weights are suitable for non-cell-edge UEs.
 PMI-based weights: The gNodeB selects optimal weights based on PMIs received from UEs. PMI-based weights are suitable for cell edge
UEs.
SRS-based weight calculation PMI-based weight calculation

Downlink Beamforming – Weighting
 The gNodeB adds the calculated weight vectors and the to-be-transmitted data vectors (involving data streams and demodulation reference signals)
for adjusting the widths and directions of beams.
 Weighting procedure
 For antenna channel i, signal x(i) is input, noise N is generated after passing through channels H, and signal y(i) is output.
 When weighting is applied, input signal x(i) is multiplied by complex vector w(i) to change the amplitude and phase of output signal y(i).
Dual-stream
weighting

Downlink Beamforming – Beamforming Implementation
 Beamforming relies on the interference principles. When two wave peaks intersect, the signal strength increases. When a wave peak intersects
with a wave bottom, the signal strength decreases.
 When beamforming is not used, the shapes of beams and strong/weak strength positions are fixed. For cell edge UEs in weak strength
positions, signal strength is low.
 When beamforming is used, it adjusts the transmit power and phase of each antenna element through weighting. This way, it changes the
shapes of beams, directs main lobes towards UEs, and increases signal strength.
 Beams generated using SRS- or PMI-based weights are generally called dynamic beams. Control channels/sig nals use discrete static beams
that are generated based on predefined weights.

Uplink Receive Diversity
 Concept: The gNodeB can use multiple antennas to receive the signal from a UE. It enhances the received signal through
space diversity as well as coherent reception and combining, achieving diversity and array gains.
 Basic procedure:
 The gNodeB receives SRS from a UE over multiple antennas, estimates uplink channel characteristics, and then sends
downlink control information (DCI) to the UE, notifying the UE of the optimal PMI and rank value.
 The UE uses the optimal PMI to precode PUSCH data and sends the data to the gNodeB.
 The gNodeB uses multiple antennas to receive the PUSCH data, improving the SNR and its stability and increasing the
uplink UE throughput.
Diversity gain: The SNR becomes more Array gain: The SNR increases after
stable after combining. coherent reception and combining.

Downlink Adaptive Selection Between PMI and SRS
 This function allows the use of SRS-based weights for UEs with a large SNR and the use of PMI-based weights for UEs with a
small SNR. For cell edge UEs, PMI-based weights are more accurate than SRS-based weights and can be used to increase
the SNRs and data rates of such UEs.
 If the uplink SRS SNR of a UE is greater than Th SRS (SrsPreSinrJudgeThld, with the default value of –20 dB), SRS-based
weights are selected for this UE. Otherwise, PMI-based weights are selected. There is a fixed 3 dB hysteresis protection on
both sides.
SRS-to-PMI PMI-to-SRS
THSRS
hysteresis hysteresis
PMI-based weights Weights Weights SRS-based weights

unchanged unchanged
3 dB 3 dB

Contents
1. Overview


Downlink SU-MIMO
 This function uses multi-antenna technologies to enable downlink multi-layer data transmission
for a single UE. The maximum number of downlink layers for a single UE is determined by the
smaller number of gNodeB transmit antennas and UE receive antennas.
 The following figure shows an example of downlink SU-MIMO. A 2T4R UE supports data transmission
over a maximum of four downlink layers when the gNodeB supports 64T64R.
Downlink 4R

Uplink SU-MIMO
 This function uses multi-antenna technologies to enable uplink multi-layer data transmission for
a single UE. The maximum number of uplink layers for a single UE is determined by the
smaller number of gNodeB receive antennas and UE transmit antennas.
 The following figure shows an example of uplink SU-MIMO, a 2T4R UE supports data transmission
over a maximum of two uplink layers when the gNodeB supports 64T64R.
Uplink 2T

Contents
1. Overview


PDSCH Spatial Multiplexing
 Concept: The gNodeB sends data to two or more UEs using the same PDSCH resources to obtain spatial multiplexing gains.
 Gains: This function improves spectral efficiency, and to some extent increases downlink throughput. In heavy load scenarios, it
also helps reduce network load and improve user experience.
 Pairing: To-be-scheduled UEs can be paired with lowly correlated, scheduled UEs in the beam domain at a granularity of an
RBG. The prerequisites are that the MU pairing switch is turned on, the number of layers in the cell is less than the maximum
number, and the MCS indexes exceed a certain threshold.
Number
Pairing No
pairing
of layers gNodeB Maximum Number of
TX/RX Mode PDSCH Layers
64T64R 16
32T32R 16
8T8R 4

PDCCH Spatial Multiplexing
 Multiple UEs can be scheduled in the same CCE positions but on different layers. This expands
PDCCH capacity and allows more UEs to be scheduled; alternatively, this reduces PDCCH
overhead and expands PDSCH capacity.
 Currently, the maximum number of PDCCH spatial multiplexing layers is four.
gNodeB Maximum Number of

TX/RX Mode PDCCH Layers
64T64R 4
32T32R 4
8T8R Not supported
Beam isolation

PUSCH Spatial Multiplexing
 Concept: The gNodeB sends data to two or more UEs using the same PUSCH resources to
obtain spatial multiplexing gains.
 Gains: This function improves spectral efficiency, and to some extent increases uplink
throughput. In heavy load scenarios, it also helps reduce network load and improve user
experience.
 Pairing: UEs that have low correlation can be selected for pairing.
Number
Pairing No of layers gNodeB Maximum Number of
pairing
TX/RX Mode PUSCH Layers
64T64R 8
32T32R 8
8T8R 4

Contents
1. Overview

Network Impacts of Massive MIMO
 Gains
 Improved cell coverage
 Downlink Adaptive Selection Between PMI and SRS improves coverage by 1 dB and increases the downlink CEU throughput by
5%.
 Improved user experience (SU-MIMO)
 Downlink: A maximum of eight downlink layers can be used for a single UE, and the theoretical downlink peak rate is eight times
that in single-layer transmission. The prerequisites are that the SNR is satisfactory (MCS index 27 and 256QAM are used),
spatial channels are independent of each other, and the UE has eight or more receive antennas.
 Uplink: A maximum of four uplink layers can be used for a single UE, and the theoretical uplink peak rate is four times that in
single-layer transmission. The prerequisites are that the SNR is satisfactory (MCS index 28 and 64QAM are used), spatial
channels are independent of each other, and the UE has four or more transmit antennas.
 Expanded system capacity (MU-MIMO)
 The more the layers, the higher the gains. For full buffer services, if the number of spatial multiplexing layers is N, the cell
throughput increases by N times theoretically.
 Impacts
 There are no negative impacts.

Contents
1. Overview

Massive MIMO Deployment Requirements
 Hardware
 BBU: UBBPfw1
 AAU: 5G AAU5613 (64T), AAU5612 (64T), AAU5313 (32T), RRU5258 (8T8R, non-massive-
MIMO), or HAAU5213
 Software
 MIMO Basic Package
 License
Feature ID Name Model Sales Unit
FOFD-010020 SU-MIMO Multiple Layers NR0S0PREUM00 Per Cell
FOFD-010010 MU-MIMO Basic Pairing NR0S00MUMM00 Per cell

Massive MIMO Deployment Requirements (Cont.)
 The maximum number of layers in SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO must not exceed the corresponding
licensed number. (One license unit corresponds to two layers).
Model Description Sales Unit
NR0S0DLEPU00 Massive MIMO DL 2-Layers Extended per 2 Layers per Cell

Processing Unit License (NR)
NR0S0ULEPU00 Massive MIMO UL 2-Layers Extended per 2 Layers per Cell

Processing Unit License (NR)

When to Use Massive MIMO
 MIMO Basic Package and SU-MIMO Multiple Layers are recommended for all scenarios.
 MU-MIMO is recommended for heavy load scenarios.
 The uplink/downlink PRB usage is high during busy hours. The downlink PRB usage is greater than 50%.
 There are at least three active uplink/downlink UEs.

Massive MIMO Data Configuration
 Using MML commands

 Configuring Downlink Adaptive Selection Between PMI and SRS
MOD NRDUCELLALGOSWITCH: NrDuCellId=1, AdaptiveEdgeExpEnhSwitch = DL_PMI_SRS_ADAPT_SW-1;
MOD NRDUCELLPDSCH: NrDuCellId=1, SrsPreSinrJudgeThld=-100;
 Enabling SU-MIMO Multiple Layers
MOD NRDUCELLALGOSWITCH: NrDuCellId=1, SuMimoMultipleLayerSw =DL_SU_MULTI_LAYER_SW-
1&UL_SU_MULTI_LAYER_SW-1;
 Enabling MU MIMO Basic Pairing
MOD NRDUCELLALGOSWITCH: NrDuCellId=1, MuMimoSwitch=UL_MU_MIMO_SW-1&PDCCH_MU_SW-
1&DL_MU_MIMO_SW-1;

Massive MIMO Data Configuration
 Using MML commands

 Setting the maximum number of MIMO layers
MOD NRDUCELLPDSCH: NrDuCellId=1, MaxMimoLayerNum=LAYER_2;
MOD NRDUCELLPUSCH: NrDuCellId=1, MaxMimoLayerCnt= LAYER_2;
MOD NRDUCELLPDCCH: NrDuCellId=1, MaxPairLayerNum=LAYER_2;
 For MU-MIMO on PDSCH, if a gNodeB has eight TX/RX antennas and works in low frequency bands, the actual maximum number of
layers is 4 (not controlled by parameters). If a gNodeB has more than eight TX/RX antennas and works in low frequency bands or if a
gNodeB works in high frequency bands, the actual maximum number of layers is determined by the
NRDuCellPdsch.MaxMimoLayerNum parameter value.
 For MU-MIMO on PDCCH, the maximum number of PDCCH multiplexing layers in a cell can be limited using the
NRDUCellPdcch.MaxPairLayerNum parameter.
 For MU-MIMO on PUSCH, if a gNodeB has eight TX/RX antennas and works in low frequency bands, the actual maximum number of
layers is 4 (not controlled by parameters). If a gNodeB has more than eight TX/RX antennas and works in low frequency bands or if a
gNodeB works in high frequency bands, the actual maximum number of layers is determined by the
NRDuCellPusch.MaxMimoLayerCnt parameter value.

Massive MIMO Activation Verification – SU-MIMO
 Use real-time monitoring items on the U2020 to verify function activation.

a. On the U2020, choose Monitor > Signaling Trace > Signaling Trace Management. The Signaling Trace Management tab
page is displayed.
b. In the navigation tree of the Signaling Trace window, choose User Performance Monitoring > User Common Monitoring
to start a monitoring task for a UE.
 Downlink SU-MIMO
This function has taken effect if the following condition is met: 1 < Code0 DL Average Layer Num + Code1 DL Average
Layer Num < min (Number of gNodeB transmit antennas, Number of UE receive antennas).
 Uplink SU-MIMO
This function has taken effect if the following condition is met: 1 < Code0 UL Average Layer Num < min (Number of gNodeB
receive antennas, Number of UE transmit antennas).

Massive MIMO Activation Verification – MU-MIMO
 Use real-time monitoring items on the U2020 to verify function activation.
a. On the U2020, choose Monitor > Signaling Trace > Signaling Trace Management. The Signaling Trace Management tab page is displayed.
b. In the navigation tree of the Signaling Trace Management tab page on the left, choose NR > Cell Performance Monitoring > Downlink Multi-
User MIMO Monitoring or NR > Cell Performance Monitoring > Uplink Multi-User MIMO Monitoring, select the corresponding base station and
cell, and check the monitoring items.
c. Check the values of the three monitoring items in the following table. If the values are greater than 1, the corresponding functions have taken
effect.
Monitoring Item Description
Maximum number of transmission layers for

Max Number of DL
paired resource blocks (RBs) in downlink
Transmission Pair
timeslots during which pairing occurs in a
Layers
monitoring period
Max Number of UL Maximum number of transmission layers for

Transmission Pair paired resource block groups (RBGs) during
Layers uplink scheduling in a monitoring period
Maximum number of UEs paired for PDCCH

PDCCH MU Max Num
spatial multiplexing in a detection period

Massive MIMO Network Monitoring
 Estimate capacity gains by checking throughput counters.

 Downlink throughput = N.ThpVol.DL.Cell (traffic volume) / N.ThpTime.DL.Cell (data transmission time)
 Uplink throughput = N.ThpVol.UL.Cell (traffic volume) / N.ThpTime.UL.Cell (data transmission time)
 Downlink UE throughput = N.ThpVol.DL (traffic volume)/N.ThpTime.DL (data transmission time of all UEs)
 Uplink UE throughput = N.ThpVol.UL (traffic volume)/N.ThpTime.UL (data transmission time of all UEs)
 N.ChMeas.MIMO.DL.Pair.PRB: Total number of PRBs paired for downlink MIMO
 N.ChMeas.MIMO.DL.Pair.Layer: Total number of layers paired for downlink MIMO
 N.ChMeas.MIMO.UL.Pair.PRB: Total number of PRBs paired for uplink MIMO
 N.ChMeas.MIMO.UL.Pair.Layer: Total number of layers paired for uplink MIMO

Massive MIMO Network Monitoring (Uplink MU-MIMO)
Counter Name Description
N.ChMeas.MIMO.UL.MuPairing.1Layer.RB Number of RBs for uplink MU-MIMO pairing at layer 1 in a cell
N.ChMeas.MIMO.UL.MuPairing.2Layers.RB Number of RBs for uplink MU-MIMO pairing at layer 2 in a cell

N.ChMeas.MIMO.UL.MUPairing.1Layer.MAC.ThpVol Volume of the MAC layer transmitted by RBs for uplink MU-MIMO pairing at layer 1 in a cell
N.ChMeas.MIMO.UL.MUPairing.2Layers.MAC.ThpVol Volume of the MAC layer transmitted by RBs for uplink MU-MIMO pairing at layer 2 in a cell

Massive MIMO Network Monitoring (Downlink MU-MIMO)

N.ChMeas.MIMO.DL.MuPairing.1Layer.RB Number of RBs for downlink MU-MIMO pairing at layer 1 in a cell
N.ChMeas.MIMO.DL.MuPairing.2Layers.RB Number of RBs for downlink MU-MIMO pairing at layer 2 in a cell

Massive MIMO Network Monitoring (Downlink MU-MIMO)
N.ChMeas.MIMO.DL.MUPairing.1Layer.MAC.ThpVol Volume of the MAC layer transmitted by RBs for downlink MU-MIMO pairing at layer 1 in a cell
N.ChMeas.MIMO.DL.MUPairing.2Layers.MAC.ThpVol Volume of the MAC layer transmitted by RBs for downlink MU-MIMO pairing at layer 2 in a cell

Summary
 Overview
 Evolution and gains of massive MIMO
 Introduction to massive MIMO features
 MIMO Basic Package, SU-MIMO Multiple Layers, and MU-MIMO Basic Pairing
 Deployment of Massive MIMO
 Data configuration, activation observation, and network monitoring

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5G RAN3.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 3

 After learning this course, you will be able to:

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 4

 5G RAN3.0 introduces the following changes to 5G RAN2.1:

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 5

2. Introduction to Massive MIMO

3. Network Impacts of Massive MIMO

4. Activation Verification of Massive MIMO

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 6

2 layers 16+ layers

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Number of Codewords Number of Layers Mapping

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2. Introduction to Massive MIMO

2.2 SU-MIMO Multiple Layers

2.3 MU-MIMO Basic Pairing

3. Network Impacts of Massive MIMO

4. Activation Verification of Massive MIMO

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SRS-based weight calculation PMI-based weight calculation

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PMI-based weights Weights Weights SRS-based weights

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2. Introduction to Massive MIMO

2.2 SU-MIMO Multiple Layers

2.3 MU-MIMO Basic Pairing

3. Network Impacts of Massive MIMO

4. Activation Verification of Massive MIMO

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2. Introduction to Massive MIMO

2.2 SU-MIMO Multiple Layers

2.3 MU-MIMO Basic Pairing

3. Network Impacts of Massive MIMO

4. Activation Verification of Massive MIMO

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gNodeB Maximum Number of

8T8R Not supported

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2. Introduction to Massive MIMO

3. Network Impacts of Massive MIMO

4. Activation Verification of Massive MIMO

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2. Introduction to Massive MIMO