INTRODUCTION AND

CYTOLOGY
D R A M A L FA R E S

LECTURER OF HISYOLOGY
 INTRODUCTION

• What is histology?
• Human body composed of …..
 MICROSCOPES

L.M E.M
Source Of Day light/ Beam of
Illumination electric light electrons
Stains Used Many stains so 1 stain only
many colors (osmic acid)
Magnification Maximun x X 100000
power 1000
Field Many cells 1 or 2 cells
examined (tissue)
STAINING OF PARAFFIN SECTIONS

Hematoxylin (H) Eosin (E)

• Basic stain • Acidic stain
• Blue in color • Red in color
• Binds to acidic • Binds to basic
components components
• Basophilic • Acidophilic
• e.g. nuclei • e.g. cytoplasm
 CYTOLOGY

The cell: is the structural & functional unit of all

living tissues
Any cell is composed of:
I. Cytoplasm
II. Nuclues
 NUCLEUS

• Contains the genetic material (DNA) of the chromosomes.

• It direct protein synthesis.
• May have different numbers, shapes, sizes & locations.
• L.M. : large, basophilic
• Appearance: may be vesicular (open face) or condensed
(closed face).
 NUCLEUS

Structure of the nucleus:

1- Nuclear membrane (Envelope).
2- Chromatin material.
3- Nucleolus.
4- Nuclear sap.
 1- NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
(NUCLEAR ENVELOPE)

LM:
Blue (basophilic) line due to chromatin on its inner side &
ribosomes on its outer side.
 1- NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
(NUCLEAR ENVELOPE)

EM: Double walled membrane

two membranes separated by a perinuclear space interrupted by
nuclear pores.
– Outer nuclear membrane: rough & granular
– Inner nuclear membrane: has chromatin granules.
Nuclear pore complexes:

circular openings at intervals,

where inner & outer membranes
fuse.

permit the passage of certain

materials in both directions
between the nucleus & cytoplasm.
 2- NUCLEOLUS
LM:
Rounded, deeply basophilic mass rich in nucleic acids &
surrounded with chromatin.
Usually one or two in each nucleus.
 2- NUCLEOLUS

EM:
It consists of:
1) Fibrillar centers (nucleolar
organizer):
central pale areas carrying the genes
encoding rRNA.
2) Pars fibrosa:
strands of immature rRNA.
3) Pars granulosa:
granules of mature rRNA.
 3- CHROMATIN

Definition:
consist of double-stranded DNA
bound with histones & non-
histone.
In non-dividing cells, chromatin
is found in two forms:
Heterochromatin &
Euchromatin.
 Heterochromatin Euchromatin
Condensed inactive Extended active chromatin
chromatin
Inactive genes Active genes.
In metabolically inactive In metabolically active
cells cells
 Heterochromatin Euchromatin
L.M.: dark basophilic Pale basophilic
E.M. Electron dense Electron lucent
Sites:
1. Periphral chromatin.
2. Nucleolus assotiated
chromatin.
3. Chromatin islands
 4- NUCLEAR SAP

Definition:
It is the semi fluid that fills the spaces between
chromatin material & nucleolus.
 FUNCTIONS OF THE NUCLEUS

1-Carries the genetic information.

2-Responsible for the formation of RNA for
protein synthesis.
3-Directs cell division.
 I- CYTOPLASM

• It is formed of:
1. Cytoplasmic matrix.
2. Cytoplasmic organelles.
3. Cytoplasmic inclusions.
 CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES

They are classified according to presence

or absence of membranes into:
• Membranous organelles
• Non-membranous organelles
 CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
Membranous organelles:
1. Cell membrane.
2. Mitochondria.
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum.
4. Golgi apparatus.
5. Lysosomes.
Non-membranous organelles:
6. Ribosomes
7. cytoskeleton (mictotubules &
filaments)
 1- CELL MEMBRANE
Definition:
It is a thin limiting membrane that form the outer cover of
the cell.
 1- CELL MEMBRANE
• L.M.:
Cannot be seen as it is very thin (7.5-10nm), but it can be
stained by Ag or PAS.
1- CELL MEMBRANE
E.M.:
• It appears as three parallel lines,
two dark layers separated by a
light one.
• It is trilamellar membrane.
 1- CELL MEMBRANE

Molecular Structure:
1. Lipid component (30%)
2. Protein component (60%).
3. Carbohydrate component
(10%).
 1- CELL MEMBRANE
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
1- Lipid component:
A) phospholipid molecules:
Each has 2 ends
-Polar hydrophilic head
(on outer & inner sides).
-Non-polar hydrophobic tails (in the
center).
B) cholesterol: between the tails,
hydrophobic.
 1- CELL MEMBRANE
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
2-Proteins:
a)Extrinsic: on outer & inner
surfaces.
b)Intrinsic: small or large.
3-Carbohydrates:
glycolipids or glycoproteins
(cell coat or glycocalyx).
 Functions Of Cell Membrane

1-Simple transport (diffusion):

a) Passive diffusion: with gradient, eg. water.
b) facilitated diffusion: need carrier, eg. Glucose
2-Active transport: need energy, eg. Na pump.
 Functions Of Cell Membrane
3-Bulk transport:
Endocytosis :
substance enter the cell
1-Phagocytosis for solids
(phagocytic vesicle)
2-Pinocytosis for fluids (pinocytic
vesicle)
3-Receptor mediated endocytosis
(selective)
Exocytosis:
substance leave the cell.
 4-CELL COAT FUNCTIONS

a) cell adhesion
b) cell recognition
c) cell immunity
d) cell protection
 5-CELL MEMBRANE MODIFICATION

1. Microvilli
2. Cilia
3. Flagella.
4. Steriocilia.

6- CONDUCTION OF EXCITATION
WAVES
Transduction of extracellular signals into intracellular events.