ISOLATED FOUNDATION DESIGN

WITH CONSTANT THICKNESS

 SECTION-A

CALCULATION
FOR
FOUNDATION SIZE
ISOLATED FOUNDATION-CONSTANT DEPTH X-axis

GOVERNING LOAD CASE FOR MAXIMUM BASE PRESSURE:

L/C:14 (1.0DL+1.0 L.L.+1.0 EQZ) VERTICAL LOAD FY= 446.62 KN, Z-axis
MOMENT, MX=12.578 KN.M,
MOMENT, MX=2.87 KN.M.
SOIL PARAMETERS:
UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL,γb=16.3 Kn/cum,
NET SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL, qs=150 Kn/sqm.
% INCREASE IN SOIL BEARING CAPACITY FOR SEISMIC LOAD CASE AS
PER IS-1893-2002, (TABLE-1,CLAUSE 6.3.5.2) = 25%. *
HENCE NET SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL, qs=150x1.25=187.5 Kn/sqm

GROSS BEARING CAPACITY = NET S.B.C.+OVERBURDEN PRESSURE

(SOIL)
GROSS S.B.C.= 187.5+1.5X16.3=211.95 Kn/sqm. GL

1.5m
FOUNDATION LAYOUT X-axis
Tp = 250

GL
Z-axis

Df=1.5m
L=1.7m

h: 450 D=425
b: 300
LXB

B=2.0m
SECTION
PLAN
CHECK OR MAXIMUM BASE PRESSURE:

DESIGN SERVICE LOAD (AXIAL),UNFACTORED, P =446.2 KN

SELF WEIGHT OF FOOTING, ( w1 ) = VOLUME OF FOUNDATION SLAB x
CONCRETE DENSITY
= 1.7 x 2.0 x 0.425 x25 = 36.125 KN.

SELF WEIGHT OF EARTH ON FOOTING ,w2 :

SELF WEIGHT OF EARTH ON FOOTING ,w2 :
= (PLAN AREA OF FOUNDATION) X ( FOUNDATION DEPTH BELOW GROUND
,Df – THICKNESS OF FOOTING, D) X BULK DENSITY OF SOIL ,( γb )

w2 = 1.7 x 2.0 x(1.5 – 0.425) x 16.3

= 59.57 KN
MAXIMUM AXIAL LOAD ON FOUNDATION,P1 = P + w1 + w2
P1 = 446.62 + 36.125 + 59.57 = 542.32 KN
(I) BASE PRESSURE DUE TO AXIAL LOAD = 542.32 / (LXB)
P1/A = 542.32 / (1.7X2.0)
= 159.6 KN/Sqm
(WHERE LXB = A , AREA OF FOOTING)

Z-axis
(II) BASE PRESSURE DUE TO MOMENTS:
= Mx/Sx + Mz/Sz

Lz=1.7m
X-axis
Sx , SECTION MODULUS OF FOUNDATION
PLAN ABOUT X-AXIS Mx
= Lx. Lz2 /6 = 2.0 x 1.72 /6 = 0.963 m3 Mz

Lx=2.0m
PLAN
Sz , SECTION MODULUS OF FOUNDATION
PLAN ABOUT Z-AXIS
= Lz. Lx2 /6 = 1.7 x 2.02 /6 = 1.133 m3

BASE PRESSURE DUE TO MOMENTS, Pm

= Mx/Sx + Mz/Sz = (12.872/0.963) + (2.872/1.133) = 15.59 Kn/m 2

MAXIMUM BASE PRESSURE DUE TO AXIAL LOAD AND MOMENTS:

Pmax = P1/A +Pm = 159.5 +15.59 =175.09 Kn/m2

Pmax MUST BE LESS THAN MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE GROSS SAFE

BEARING CAPACITY.

GROSS S.B.C. =211.95 Kn/m2

Pmax < GROSS S.B.C. , HENCE FOUNDATION IS SAFE IN MAXIMUM SOIL

BEARING PRESSURE.
CHECK FOOTING AREA FOR MINIMUM BASE PRESSURE :

GOVERNING LOAD CASE FOR MINIMUM BASE PRESSURE: *

L/C:11 (1.0DL+1.0 L.L.+1.0 WLx) VERTICAL LOAD FY= 438.8 KN,
MOMENT, MX=0.54 KN.M,
MOMENT, MX=14.4 KN.M.

DESIGN SERVICE LOAD (AXIAL),P2 = 438.8 Kn

SELF WEIGHT OF FOOTING & EARTH ON FOOTING ,(w1,w2) = 36.125+59.57

= 96.095 Kn

TOTAL AXIAL LOAD,P = P2+w1+w2 = 438.8+ 36.125+59.57 Kn

= 534.89 Kn
(I) BASE PRESSURE DUE TO AXIAL LOAD = P/A = 534.89/(1.7 x 2.0)
= 157.32 Kn/m2

(II) BASE PRESSURE DUE TO MOMENTS:

Pm = (-Mx/Sx) + (-Mz/Sz) = (-0.54/0.963) + (-14.4/1.133) = -13.27 Kn/m 2

MINUMUM BASE PRESSURE =P/A-Pm = 157.32 -13.27 =144.05 Kn/m2

CORRECTION FOR GROUND WATER TABLE :

UPLIFT PRESSURE DUE TO GROUND WATER ON FOUNDATION

= FOOTING AREA X [ DEPTH OF FOUNDATION – DEPTH OF GROUND
WATER ] X DENSITY OF WATER
Pm = (-Mx/Sx) + (-Mz/Sz) = (-0.54/0.963) + (-14.4/1.133) = -13.27 Kn/m 2

MINUMUM BASE PRESSURE =P/A-Pm = 157.32 -13.27 =144.05 Kn/m2

UPLIFT PRESSURE ON FOUNDATION ,Pw = (1.7 x 2.0 ).(1.5-1.2) x (10 Kn/m 3 )

Pw = -10.2 Kn/m2
GL
MINUMUM BASE PRESSURE ON FOUNDATION: Dw=1.2m
Df=1.5m
(P/A-Pm-Pw) = 144.05-10.2
= 133.85 Kn/m2

MINIMUM BASE PRESSURE ON FOUNDATION,

MUST NOT NEGATIVE , i.e. MUST BE GREATER THAN
CROSS CHECK SOIL BASE PRESSURE AGAINST
(DEAD LOAD + LIVE LOAD ) CASE:

LOAD CASE FOR (DEAD LOAD + LIVE LOAD ) : *

L/C:10 (1.0DL+1.0 L.L.) VERTICAL LOAD FY= 438.908 KN,
MOMENT, MX=0.542 KN.M,
MOMENT, MX=0.034 KN.M.

TOTAL AXIA LOAD P = FY + w1 + w2 = 438.098 + 36.125 + 59.57

= 534.603 Kn

MAX SOIL BASE PRESSURE DUE TO AXIAL LOAD & MOMENTS:

= P/A + Mx/Sx + Mz/Sz = 534.603/(1.7x2.0) + (0.542/0.963) + (14.4/1.133)

= 170.50 Kn/m2
SOIL BEARING CAPACITY FOR (DEAD LOAD + LIVE LOAD ) CASE:

NET SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL, qs=150 Kn/sqm.

% INCREASE IN SOIL BEARING CAPACITY = 0 %.

GROSS BEARING CAPACITY = NET S.B.C.+ OVERBURDEN PRESSURE DUE

TO SOIL OF 1.5 m DEPTH

OVER BURDEN PRESSURE = DEPTH OF SOIL x BULK DENSITY OF SOIL

GROSS S.B.C.= 150 +1.5X16.3 = 150 + 24.45 Kn/Sqm.

GROSS S.B.C.= 174.5 Kn/Sqm.

SINCE GROSS SBC IS GREATER THAN MAXIMUM BASE PRESSURE

170.5 Kn/sqm DUE TO (DEAD LOAD + LIVE LOAD CASE) , HENCE
FOUNDATION IS SAFE.
 SECTION-B :

STRENGTH DESIGN
OF
FOUNDATION FOR
REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRENGTH DESIGN OF FOUNDATION:

MAXIMUM BASE PRESSURE ,Pmax = 175.09 Kn/m2

DOWNWARD PRESSURE, Ps DUE TO

OVERBURDEN (SOIL WEIGHT) & SELF WEIGHT OF
FOOTING
Ps
Ps = (w1 + w2 )/A
= ( 36.125 + 59.57 )/(1.2 x 1.7) Pmax
= 28.15 Kn/m 2

NOW NET SOIL BASE PRESSURE ACTING UPWARDS ON FOOTING :

Qmax = Pmax – Ps
= 175.09 -28.15
= 146.95 Kn/m2

Qmax
Qmax = 146.95 Kn/m2

LOAD FACTOR FOR LIMIT STATE DESIGN AS IS-456-2000, L.F. = 1.5 *

HENCE DESIGN MAXIMUM BASE PRESSURE = 1.5 x 146.95 = 220.425 Kn/m2

Q’max = 220.425 Kn/m2

:

MOMENT ,Mz AT COLUMN FACE

DUE TO Q’max:
w kn/m
Mz = Q’max .[ (B-b)/2]2
2 b =300

1.7m
= 220.425 x [(2.0 – 0.30)/2]2 PER METER X-axis

450
2

axis
Z-
= 79.62 Kn-m x 1.7 m
= 135.35 Kn-m per 1.7 m WIDTH OF FOOTING B= 2.0m
PLAN
MOMENT ,Mx AT COLUMN FACE DUE TO Q’max:

Mx = Q’max .[ (L-h)/2]2

axis
Z-
2

L = 1.7m
= 220.425 x [(1.7 – 0.450)/2]2

h = 450
2 PER METER

= 43.05 Kn-m x 2.0 m B= 2.0m

= 86.10 Kn-m per 2.0 m WIDTH OF FOOTING PLAN

FINAL MOMENTS:

Mx= 86.10 Kn-m per 2.0 m WIDTH OF FOOTING

Mz= 135.35 Kn-m per 1.7 m WIDTH OF FOOTING

CALCULATION OF REINFORCEMENT :

( a) FOR MOMENT , Mz :

REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED-
Mz * [ IS-456:2000 ANNEXURE G1.1(b)]
As =
0.87.fy.d.[ 1- (As.fy/b.d.fck) ]

WHERE fy IS REINFORCEMENT GRADE ,500 MPA.

b = WIDTH OF FOOTING ,d = EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF FOOTING.
Fck = GRADE OF CONCRETE = 20 MPA

SIMPLIFYING ABOVE EQUATION-

THIS EQUATION IS NOW IN QUADRATIC FORM;

a.X2 + b.X + C =0 ;
WHICH SOLUTION :

X= where a = , b = -0.87.fy.d
c = Mz

& ‘X’ represents As (Area of reinforcement)

 NOW FOR QUADRATIC EQUATION : REINFORCEMENT
FOR Mz

a=

axis
Z-
L = 1.7m
a = 6.397

h = 450
b = -0.87.fy.d

CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE DEPTH ,d :

(ALONG X-AXIS)
B= 2.0m
PLAN

D= 425 mm Effective depth ,d REBAR 12 DIA (ASSUMED)

Clear Cover,
1.7 m Cc = 50 mm
EFFECTIVE DEPTH = TOP OF CONCRETE TO CENTRE OF RE BAR
EFFECTIVE DEPTH , d = D – Cc – ϕ/2
d = 425 – 50 – (12/2)
d= 369 mm
NOW ‘ b ‘ CAN BE WORKED OUT :

b = -0.87 x fy x d = -0.87 x 500 x 369

b = -160515,

ALSO C = Mz = 135.4 Kn-m. = 135.4 x 106 N-MM

As =

AFTER SOLVING ,

As = 874 mm2 (AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED PER 1.7m

WIDTH OF FOUNDATION ,ALONG X-DIRECTION)
MINMUM REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED IN TENSION-

(As)min AS PER IS 456-2000 CLAUSE 26.5.2.1 = 0.12 % OF

* CROSS SECTION
AREA

(As)min =

= 867 mm2

HIGHER VALUE OF (As)min & (As) WILL BE TAKEN

i.e. = 874 mm2
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING :

TRIAL SPACING OF 12ϕ RE BAR WITHIN 1.7 m BASE LENGTH = 150 mm ,SAY.
NO OF RE BARS = (1700 – 2 x CLEAR COVER,Cc) /150
= (1700 - 2 x50/150)
= 10.67 ,SAY 10 NO’S

d = 369 mm 10 NO’S REBAR 12 DIA

Clear Cover,
Cc = 50 mm

1.7 m

REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED,As(Pro) =
NO OF REBARS x AREA OF CROSS SECTION OF EACH REBAR.
= 10 x

% OF REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED = 100 x As(Pro) / (bxd)

= 100 x 1131 /(1700 x 369)
= 0.18 %
CHECK FOR CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN REBARS :

9 NO’S SPACES BETWEEN

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 REBARS
Clear Cover,
Cc = 50 mm

1.7 m
10 NO’S REBAR 12 DIA

CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN REBARS =

[ WIDTH OF FOOTING – 2 x CLEAR COVER – NO OF REBARS x REBAR DIA ]

[ NO OF SPACES BETWEEN REBARS, i.e. NO OF REBARS -1 ]

= (1700 – 2 x 50 - 10 x 12) /(10-1)

= 164 mm

CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN REBARS = 164 mm

MAXIMUM CLEAR SPACING OF REBARS IN TENSION :

AS PER IS- 456 2000 CL.26.3.3 :- *

MAXIMUM CLEAR SPACING IS ALLOWED AS , 3 TIMES EFFECTIVE DEPTH
OR 300 mm WHICHEVER IS SMALLER

IN OUR CASE -
EFFECTIVE DEPTH = 369 mm,
ACTUTAL CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN REBARS = 164 mm,
LESS THAN 300 mm, HENCE O.K.

Z-axis
10 NO’S -12 φ
REBARS PROVIDED
WITH CLEAR
L = 1.7m

SPACING @ 164 mm
OR
CENTRE TO CENTRE
SPACING OF REBARS
= (164 + 12 φ )
= 176 mm SAY 175

B= 2.0m
PLAN 175 mm
CALCULATION OF REINFORCEMENT :

( b) FOR MOMENT , Mx :

REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED-
Mx * [ IS-456:2000 ANNEXURE G1.1(b)]
As =
0.87.fy.d.[ 1- (As.fy/b.d.fck) ]

WHERE fy IS REINFORCEMENT GRADE ,500 MPA.

b = WIDTH OF FOOTING ,d = EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF FOOTING.
Fck = GRADE OF CONCRETE = 20 MPA

SIMPLIFYING ABOVE EQUATION-

THIS EQUATION IS NOW IN QUADRATIC FORM;

a.X2 + b.X + C =0 ;
WHICH SOLUTION :

X= where a = , b = -0.87.fy.d
c = Mx

& ‘X’ represents As (Area of reinforcement)

 NOW FOR QUADRATIC EQUATION : REINFORCEMENT
FOR Mx

a=

axis
Z-
L = 1.7m
a = 5.44

b = - 0.87.fy.d

CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE DEPTH ,d : B= 2.0m

(ALONG Z-AXIS) PLAN

D= 425 mm Effective depth ,d REBAR 10 DIA (ASSUMED)

ALONG Z- DIRECTION

12φ REBAR Clear Cover,

Cc = 50 mm
2.0 m
EFFECTIVE DEPTH = TOP OF CONCRETE TO CENTRE OF RE BAR
EFFECTIVE DEPTH , d = D – Cc – ϕ1 - ϕ2/2
d = 425 – 50 – (12) - (10/2)
d= 358 mm
NOW ‘ b ‘ CAN BE WORKED OUT :

b = -0.87 x fy x d = -0.87x500x358 = -155730

b = -155730,

ALSO C = Mx = 86.1 Kn-m. = 86.1 x 106 N-MM

As =

AFTER SOLVING ,

As = 564 mm2 (AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED PER 2.0 m

WIDTH OF FOUNDATION ,ALONG Z-DIRECTION)
MINMUM REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED -

(As)min AS PER IS 456-2000 CLAUSE 26.5.2.1 = 0.12 % OF CROSS SECTION

AREA

(As)min =

= 1020 mm2

HIGHER VALUE OF (As)min & (As) WILL BE TAKEN

i.e. = 1020 mm2
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING :

TRIAL SPACING OF 10ϕ RE BAR WITHIN 2.0 m BASE LENGTH = 150 mm ,SAY.
NO OF RE BARS = (2000 – 2 x CLEAR COVER,Cc) /150
= (2000 - 2 x50/150)
= 12.66 ,SAY 13 NO’S

d = 358 mm 13 NO’S REBAR 10 DIA

Clear Cover,
Cc = 50 mm

2.0 m

REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED,As(Pro) =
NO OF REBARS x AREA OF CROSS SECTION OF EACH REBAR.
= 13 x > (As)min, HENCE O.K

% OF REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED = 100 x As(Pro) / (bxd)

= 100 x 1021 /(2000 x 358)
= 0.15 %
CHECK FOR CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN REBARS :

CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN REBARS =

[ WIDTH OF FOOTING – 2 x CLEAR COVER – NO OF REBARS x REBAR DIA ]

[ NO OF SPACES BETWEEN REBARS, i.e. NO OF REBARS -1 ]

= (2000 – 2 x 50 - 13 x 10) /(13-1)

= 148 mm

CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN REBARS = 148 mm

MAXIMUM CLEAR SPACING OF REBARS IN TENSION :

AS PER IS- 456 2000 CL.26.3.3 :- *

MAXIMUM CLEAR SPACING IS ALLOWED AS , 3 TIMES EFFECTIVE DEPTH
OR 300 mm WHICHEVER IS SMALLER

IN OUR CASE -
EFFECTIVE DEPTH = 358 mm,
ACTUTAL CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN REBARS = 148 mm,
LESS THAN 300 mm, HENCE O.K.

Z-axis
13 NO’S -10 φ
REBARS PROVIDED
WITH CLEAR
L = 1.7m

SPACING @ 148 mm
OR
CENTRE TO CENTRE
SPACING OF REBARS
= (148 + 10 φ )
= 158 mm SAY 150

B= 2.0m
PLAN 150 mm
 SHEAR CHECKS FOR THE FOUNDATION
THERE WILL BE FOLLOWING TWO TYPES OF SHEAR CHECKS TO BE
PERFORMED-

(A) ONE WAY SHEAR

(B) TWO WAY SHEAR (PUNCHING SHEAR)

 ONE WAY SHEAR CHECK WILL BE PERFORMED AT ‘d’ DISTANCE

AWAY FROM COLUMN SUPPORT.

 PUNCHING SHEAR CHECK WILL BE PERFORMED AT ‘d/2’ DISTANCE

AWAY FROM COLUMN SUPPORT.

DESIGN SHEAR CAPACITIES OF CONCRETE ,WILL BE DIFFERENT IN

BOTH CASES OF SHEAR & NEED TO BE CALCULATED.
( A) SHEAR CHECK (ONE WAY SHEAR):

PERCENTAGE OF REINFORCEMENT (pt) PROVIDED:

MINIMUM OF TWO WILL BE
(a) ALONG 2.0 m, SIDE OF FOOTING:
CONSIDERED FOR SHEAR
= 0.18 %
CAPACITY
(b) ALONG 1.7 m, SIDE OF FOOTING:
= 0.15 %

DESIGN SHEAR CAPACITY OF CONCRETE IN ONE WAY SHEAR:-

ALTERNATIVELY,
VALUES CAN BE READ
FROM TABLE-19 ,IS-
ß =0.8fck/6.89.pt, (SP-16 page 175,clause 4.1).
* 456-2000 CODE
ß = 0.8 x 20/(6.89x0.15) = 15.48, *
Hence , = 0.85*[√(0.8*20)] x [√(1+5x15.48)-1)] / (6x15.48)

= 0.28 N/mm2
SHEAR STRESS CALCULATION FOR ONE WAY SHEAR: COLUMN 300 X
450 mm
MAXIMUM PROJECTION OF FOOTING

0.625
FROM COLUMN FACE
= 0.850 m

1.7m
EFFECTIVE SHEAR LENGTH WILL BE 0.850
‘d’ DISTANCE AWAY FROM COLUMN FACE 0.850

0.625
AND UPTO FOOOTING EDGE.

B= 2.0m
d = 358 PLAN
1.7m

EFFECTIVE SHEAR
AREA
0.850

EFFECTIVE SHEAR
LENGTH = 850-358
B= 2.0m = 492 mm
PLAN
SHEAR STRESS CALCULATION FOR ONE WAY SHEAR:

d = 358

1.7m
EFFECTIVE SHEAR
AREA

0.850

EFFECTIVE SHEAR
B= 2.0m LENGTH = 850-358
PLAN = 492 mm
SHEAR FORCE ,V AT CRITICAL SECTION :

= EFFECTIVE SHEAR AREA x MAX SOIL BASE PRESSURE

= 1.7 x 0.492 x 220.42 Kn/m2

= 184.36 Kn
SHEAR STRESS, DUE TO SHEAR FORCE ,V:

SHEAR STRESS = SHEAR FORCE

(FOOTING SECTION AREA RESISTING SHEAR)

= 184.36 x 103
(1700 x 358) SHEAR FORCE

= 0.303 Kn/m2
d

b , WIDTH
OF FOOTING

SINCE PERMISSIBLE SHEAR STRESS=0.28N/mm2,IS LESS THAN ACTUAL

SHEAR STRESS,HENCE DESIGN TO BE REVISED.

DESIGN SHEAR CAPACITY, CAN BE INCREASED EITHER BY INCREASING

REINFORCEMENT OR BY INCREASING DEPTH OR BOTH
REVISION OF REINFORCEMENT : * d1 EFFECTIVE DEPTH ALONG
X- DIR, WHILE d2 IS EFFECTIVE
DEPTH ALONG Z- DIR.
12 DIA
d1=369 d2=358 * 13 NO’S REBAR 10 DIA
X-axis

2.0 m

12 NO’S
10 NO’S REBAR 12 DIA

REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED,As(Pro) ALONG X -AXIS =

NO OF REBARS x AREA OF CROSS SECTION OF EACH REBAR.
= 12x

% OF REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED = 100 x As(Pro) / (bxd)

= 100 x 1357 /(1700 x 369)
= 0.22 %
 Z-axis
L = 1.7m

B= 2.0m
PLAN

CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN REBARS =

[ WIDTH OF FOOTING – 2 x CLEAR COVER – NO OF REBARS x REBAR DIA ]

[ NO OF SPACES BETWEEN REBARS, i.e. NO OF REBARS -1 ]

= (1700 – 2 x 50 - 12 x 12) /(12-1) = 132 mm

145 mm
C/C SPACING OF REBARS = 132 + 12ϕ = 145 mm
REVISION OF REINFORCEMENT : * d1 EFFECTIVE DEPTH ALONG
X- DIR, WHILE d2 IS EFFECTIVE
DEPTH ALONG Z- DIR.
12 DIA
d1=369 d2=358 * 13 NO’S REBAR 10 DIA
X-axis

2.0 m

12 NO’S
10 NO’S REBAR 12 DIA

REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED,As(Pro) ALONG Z -AXIS =

NO OF REBARS x AREA OF CROSS SECTION OF EACH REBAR.

= 13 x

% OF REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED = 100 x As(Pro) / (bxd)

= 100 x 1470 /(2000 x 358)
= 0.21 %
 Z-axis
L = 1.7m

B= 2.0m
PLAN

CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN REBARS =

[ WIDTH OF FOOTING – 2 x CLEAR COVER – NO OF REBARS x REBAR DIA ]

[ NO OF SPACES BETWEEN REBARS, i.e. NO OF REBARS -1 ]

= (2000 – 2 x 50 - 13 x 12) /(13-1) = 145 mm

155 mm
C/C SPACING OF REBARS = 145 + 12ϕ = 157 mm , SAY 155 mm
REVISED DESIGN SHEAR CAPACITY:

PERCENTAGE OF REINFORCEMENT (pt) PROVIDED:

MINIMUM OF TWO WILL BE
(a) ALONG 2.0 m, SIDE OF FOOTING:
CONSIDERED FOR SHEAR
= 0.22 %
CAPACITY
(b) ALONG 1.7 m, SIDE OF FOOTING:
= 0.21 %

DESIGN SHEAR CAPACITY OF CONCRETE IN ONE WAY SHEAR:-

ß =0.8fck/6.89.pt, (SP-16 page 175,clause 4.1).

ß = 0.8 x 20/(6.89x0.21) = 11.06,

Hence , = 0.85*[√(0.8*20)] x [√(1+5x11.06)-1)] / (6x11.06) = 0.33 N/mm2

WHICH IS MORE THAN ACTUAL SHEAR STRESS = 0.303 N/mm2
HENCE ,NOW FOUNDATION IS SAFE IN ONEWAY
TWO WAY SHEAR CHECK (PUNCHING SHEAR)

CRITICAL PERIMETER

d/2
d/2 d/2 CRITICAL PERIMETER FOR TWO
h WAY SHEAR CHECK WILL BE
b CONSIDERED AT “d/2” DISTANCE
AROUND COLUMN,WHERE “d” IS
d/2 EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF FOOTING

CRITICAL PERIMETER,P = [ (b + d ) + (h + d ) ] x 2
= 2b + 2h + 4d
= 2x300 + 2x450 + 4x 358
= 2632 mm.
AREA WITHIN CRITICAL PERIMETER, A’ = (b + d ) x (h + d )
= (300 + 358) x(450 + 358)
= 531664 Sq mm
 2.0 m AREA FILLED WITH YELLOW
COLOUR ,REPRESENTS AREA
EFFECTIVE FOR PUNCHING
SHEAR
PUNCHING SHEAR
FORCE, V
1.7 m

FOOTING FOOTING

CRITICAL
PERIMETER

PUNCHING SHEAR FORCE, V = MAX SOIL BASE PRESSURE x EFFECTIVE AREA FOR
PUNCHING SHEAR
= Qmax (factored) x [ 1.7 x 2.0 – 531664/10 6 ]
= 220.42 x 2.87
= 632.24 Kn
 SHEAR FORCE, V kN

CRITICAL PERIMETER AREA

d

PUNCHING SHEAR STRESS ,τv = V (PUNCHING SHEAR FORCE )

(CRITICAL PERIMETER x EFFECTIVE DEPTH )

= V/(p x d)
= 632.24 x 103 /( 2632 x 358)

= 0.67 N/SQmm

(THIS VALUE REQUIRED TO BE COMPARED WITH

DESIGN CAPACITY OF CONCRETE IN PUNCHING SHEAR)
DESIGN SHEAR CAPACITY OF CONCRETE IN PUNCHING SHEAR:

PERMISSIBLE SHEAR STRESS :-

= Ks. ( WHEN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT NOT PROVIDED,
IS -456-2000, CL:31.6.3 ) .
WHERE Ks = (0.5 + βc ) , BUT NOT GREATER THAN 1.0 ,

βc = RATIO OF SHORT SIDE TO LONG SIDE OF COLUMN

βc = 0.30/0.45 = 0.67 , WHERE = IN LIMIT STATE METHOD.

= = 1.12 N/mm2 ;

NOW Ks = (0.50 + 0.67) = 1.17 BUT SHOULD NOT GREATER THAN 1.0
HENCE Ks TO BE TAKEN AS 1.0

HENCE PERMISSIBLE SHEAR STRESS = Ks. = 1.0 x 1.12 = 1.12 N/mm2

DESIGN SHEAR CAPACITY OF CONCRETE IN PUNCHING SHEAR IS

1.12 N/mm2, WHICH IS MORE THAN ACTUAL PUNCHING SHEAR STRESS i.e.
0.67 N/mm2, HENCE FOOTING IS SAFE IN TWO WAY SHEAR.
 STABILITY CHECKS:

( I ) UPLIFT – ALREADY DONE WITH MINIMUM BASE PRESSURE CHECK.

( II ) SLIDING –

GOVERNING LOAD CASE FOR MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL FORCE-

(MAXIMUM FX, FZ ) *

L/C:11 (1.0DL+1.0 WLx.) FX= 16.71 KN, (FROM STAAD)

HORIZONTAL FORCE , FX = 16.71 KN.

THIS HORIZONTAL FORCE ,FX WILL BE ADDED TO SOIL THURST ON

FOUNDATION ,CONSTITUTING TOTAL SLIDING FORCE ON FOOTING.

COEFFICIENT OF ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE , ( Ka ) –

Ka = , WHERE Φ = ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION OF SOIL,

Ka = , = 0.33
STABILITY CHECK AGAINST SLIDING:

( I ) Horizontal force , Hmax = 16.71 Kn. (From STAAD)

( II ) Horizontal force due to soil pressure at footing base, Hb: 450

mm

(a) Active earth pressure at point c :

pc= Ka x γb x h= 0.33x16.3x1.5

h=1.5m
pc=8.07 kn/sqm.

(b) Active earth pressure at point b : a 1.7 m

1.075 m
pb= Ka x γb x h= 0.33x16.3x1.075

mm
425
pb=5.78 kn/sqm.

Average earth pressure for b to c: b

(pb+pc)/2= (8.07+5.78)/2=6.93 Kn/sqm

Horizontal force on footing base due to

soil =6.93 x 1.7 x 0.425 = 5.0 Kn. c Ka.γb.h
STABILITY CHECK AGAINST SLIDING:

( III ) Horizontal force due to soil pressure at Column, Hb:

(a) Active earth pressure at point a : 450 m

pa = 0 m

(b) Active earth pressure at point b :

h=1.5m
pb= Ka x γb x h= 0.33x16.3x1.075
= 5.78 kn/sqm.
a 1.7 m

1.075m
Horizontal force on column base :

mm
425
½ x pb xh x column width
= ½ x 5.78 x 1.075 x 0.45
= 1.4 Kn. b
Total Horizontal force = (I) +(II) +(III)
= 16.71 + 5.0 + 1.4
Hx = 23.11 Kn.
c
Ka.γb.h
Calculation for Resisting Force against sliding:

Design service vertical load, fy = 438.8 kn. *

10% Reduction , as per IS-456-2000,cl:20.2; *

fy =438.8 x 0.90 = 394.92 Kn

Self weight of footing, w1 = 36.13 Kn

Self weight of earth on footing, w2 = 59.57 Kn
Total vertical load on the foundation , Ptotal = 490.62 Kn. (fy+w1+w2)

Coefficient of friction, μ between soil & concrete =0.30 *

Frictional resistance, Fr ( μ x Ptotal) =0.30x 490.62=147.19 Kn.

Factor of safety against sliding = Fr / Hx ( Total Horizontal force)
= 147.19 / 23.11

= 6.37 > 1.5 , Recommended FOS *

as Per (IS:1904,CL
17.1.1)

Hence Foundation is Safe against Sliding

Sliding Force, Hx

Friction between foundation

Resisting Force, Fr concrete bottom surface & soil
STABILITY CHECKS AGAINST OVERTURNING:

Hx2=1.4 KN
Mx
X-axis
Hx1=5.0 KN

1.
7m
Z-axis
Mz

2.0 m
CASE 1:
STABILITY AGAINST Mz , MOMENT ABOUT Z-AXIS;
Mz = M’z (FROM STAAD) + MOMENT DUE SOIL PRESSURE ON
COLUMN FACE & FOOTING FACE.
STABILITY CHECKS AGAINST OVERTURNING:

Hx2=1.4 KN 1.075 m
Mx
X-axis
Hx1=5.0 KN

0.4
1. 25/
7m 2m
Z-axis
Mz

2.0 m
MOMENT DUE TO SOIL PRESSURE ON COLUMN FACE & FOOTING
FACE:-
= 5.0 x 0.425/2 + 1.4 x ( 1.075/2 + 0.425 )
= 2.41 KN-M
MOMENT M’z FROM STAAD –

GOVERNING LOAD CASE FOR MAXIMUM Mz- *

L/C:11 (1.0 DL+ 1.0 LL + 1.0 WLx.) Mz= 14.385 KN-M, (FROM STAAD)

TOTAL OVER TURNING MOMENT :

Mo = M’z (FROM STAAD) + MOMENT DUE SOIL PRESSURE ON
COLUMN FACE & FOOTING FACE.
= 14.385 + 2.41 = 16.8 KN.M

RESTORING MOMENT (Mr) :

Mr = [ 0.90 x MINIMUM DESIGN SERVICE AXIAL LOAD + SELF WEIGHT OF *
FOOTING (w1) + WEIGHT OF EARTH ON FOOTING(w2) ]
x [FOOTING DIMENSION ABOUT Mz / 2 ].

Mr = 490.62 x 2.0 / 2 OVER TURNING

POINT OF
ROTATION
Mr = 490.62 KN-M MOMENT;Mr

RESTORING 2.0 m
MOMENT;Mr
FACTOR OF SAFETY ACHIEVED AGAINST OVERTURNING ABOUT Z AXIS –

= Mr (RESTORING MOMENT) / Mo (OVERTURNING MOMENT)

= 490.62 / 16.8

= 29.2

FACTOR SAFETY REQUIRED AGAINST OVERTURNING –

FOS = 1.5 , (REFER IS : 904 ,CL 17.2 ] *

SINCE FACTOR OF SAFETY ACHIEVED IS 29.2 WHICH IS MORE THAN

REQUIRED i.e. 1.5 , FOOTING IS SAFE AGAINST OVERTURNING ABOUT Z -
AXIS
CASE 2: STABILITY AGAINST Mx , MOMENT ABOUT X-AXIS :

Hz2=1.4 KN
Mx
X-axis

1.
7m Hz1=5.0 KN
Z-axis

2.0 m

Mx = M’x (FROM STAAD) + MOMENT DUE SOIL PRESSURE ON

COLUMN FACE & FOOTING FACE.

WE NEED TO CALCULATE Hz1 AND Hz2 ,THRUSTS FROM SOIL.

CALCULATION OF SOIL THRUSTS IN Z DIRECTION :

( I ) Horizontal force due to soil pressure at footing base :

(a) Active earth pressure at point c : 300 m

m
pc= Ka x γb x h= 0.33x16.3x1.5
pc=8.07 kn/sqm.

h=1.5m
(b) Active earth pressure at point b :
pb= Ka x γb x h= 0.33x16.3x1.075
pb=5.78 kn/sqm. a 2.0 m

1.075 m

mm
425
Average earth pressure for b to c:
(pb+pc)/2= (8.07+5.78)/2=6.93 Kn/sqm
b
Horizontal force on footing base due to
soil =6.93 x 2.0 x 0.425 = 5.9 Kn.
( Hz1 )
c Ka.γb.h
( II ) Horizontal force due to soil pressure at Column :

(a) Active earth pressure at point a :

pa = 0
300 m
m
(b) Active earth pressure at point b :
pb= Ka x γb x h= 0.33x16.3x1.075
= 5.78 kn/sqm.

h=1.5m
Horizontal force on column base :
½ x pb xh x column width a 2.0 m

1.075m
= ½ x 5.78 x 1.075 x 0.30

mm
425
= 0.93 Kn. ( Hz2 )

c
Ka.γb.h
 1.075 m Hz2=0.93 KN
Mx
X-axis

1. 0.425 Hz1=5.9 KN
7m /2 m

Z-axis
2.0 m

MOMENT Mx, DUE TO SOIL PRESSURE ON COLUMN FACE &

FOOTING FACE:-
= 5.9 x 0.425/2 + 0.93 x ( 1.075/2 + 0.425 )
= 2.15 KN-M
.
MOMENT M’x FROM STAAD –

GOVERNING LOAD CASE FOR MAXIMUM Mx- *

L/C:14 (1.0 DL+ 1.0 LL + 1.0 EQz.) Mx= 12.58 KN-M, (FROM STAAD)

TOTAL OVER TURNING MOMENT :

Mo = M’x (FROM STAAD) + MOMENT DUE SOIL PRESSURE ON
COLUMN FACE & FOOTING FACE.
= 12.58 + 2.15 = 14.73 KN.M

RESTORING MOMENT (Mr) :

Mr = [ 0.90 x MINIMUM DESIGN SERVICE AXIAL LOAD + SELF WEIGHT OF
FOOTING (w1) + WEIGHT OF EARTH ON FOOTING(w2) ]
x [FOOTING DIMENSION ABOUT Mx / 2 ].

Mr = 490.62 x 1.7 / 2 OVER TURNING

POINT OF
ROTATION
Mr = 417.0 KN-M MOMENT;Mr

RESTORING 1.7 m
MOMENT;Mr
FACTOR OF SAFETY ACHIEVED AGAINST OVERTURNING ABOUT X AXIS –

= Mr (RESTORING MOMENT) / Mo (OVERTURNING MOMENT)

= 417 / 14.73

= 28.3

FACTOR SAFETY REQUIRED AGAINST OVERTURNING –

FOS = 1.5 , (REFER IS : 904 ,CL 17.2 ] *

SINCE FACTOR OF SAFETY ACHIEVED IS 28.3 WHICH IS MORE THAN

REQUIRED i.e. 1.5 , FOOTING IS SAFE AGAINST OVERTURNING ABOUT X -
AXIS
DESIGN OF PEDESTALS:
PEDESTAL IS A SHORT COMPRESSION MEMBER (THE HEIGHT USUALLY LESS THAN 3
TIMES ITS LEAST LATERAL DIMENSION), PLACED AT BASE OF COLUMN.
PEDESTAL IN STEEL COLUMNS:
PEDESTALS BECOME ESSENTIAL IN LAYOUT OF STEEL COLUMNS DUE TO REASONS
AS FOLLOWS:
(I) PROTECTION OF STEEL AGAINST CORROSION.
(II) TO PROVIDE SUFFICIENT TOLERANCES WHILE ERECTION & CONSTRUCTION:
STEEL COLUMNS ARE FABRICATED IN WORKSHOPS IN EXACT SIZES. THE USE OF
PEDESTALS MAKES IT CONVENIENT TO MAKE ADJUSTMENETS FOR THE VARIATION
OF FOUNDATION LEVELS IN CONSTRUCTION.

PEDASTAL IN CONCRETE COLUMNS:

IN REINFORECD CONCRETE COLUMN, CONSTRUCTION THE ENLARGEMENT OF ITS BASE

AS PEDESTAL IS PRACTISED TO MAKEUP LEVELS,SUPPLY LARGE BEARING AREA TO
FOUNDATIONS AND PROVIDED ENOUGH DEVELOPMENT LENGTH TO REINFORCEMENTS.
DESIGN OF PEDESTALS:
CONCRETE BEARING STRENGTH, fcb = 0.45 x fck ; WHERE fck IS CHARACTERSTIC
STRENGTH OF CONCRTE.
fcb = 0.45 x 20 = 9 MPA ……………………..( IS -456-2000,CL.34.4 ). *
MAXIMUM ALLOWED BEARING STRENGTH = 2 x fcb = 2x9 =18 MPA. *

CALCULATIONS FOR MAXIMUM BEARING PRESSURE AT COLUMN BASE:

GOVERNING LOAD CASE FOR MAXIMUM BASE PRESSURE:

L/C:14 (1.0DL+1.0 L.L.+1.0 EQZ) VERTICAL LOAD FY= 446.62 KN,
MOMENT, MX=12.578 KN.M,
MOMENT, MX=2.87 KN.M. 300

Sx , SECTION MODULUS OF COLUMN

PLAN ABOUT X-AXIS Mx

450
= 0.3 x 0.452 / 6 = 10125000 m3
X - axis

Sz , SECTION MODULUS OF COLUMN

PLAN ABOUT Z-AXIS Mz

Z - axis
= 450 x 3002 / 6 = 6750000 m3
MAXIMUM BASE PRESSURE AT COLUMN BASE-

fb = FY/A + Mx/Sx + Mz/Sz ; WHERE A IS COLUMN PLAN AREA

= [ 446.62 x1000 / (300x450 ] + (12.58 x 106 / 10125000) +

(2.87 x 106 / 6750000 ) ]

= 3.31 + 1.24 + 0.42

fb = 4.98 Kn/m2 WHICH IS LESSER THAN CONCRETE BEARING STRENGTH,

fcb = 9 N/mm2 , HENCE SAFE. fb
300
CALCULATION FOR SIZE OF PEDASTAL:

fcb LARGER DIMENSION OF COLUMN

450
fb = REQUIRED DIMENSION OF COLUMN
X - axis

9 450
4.98 = L

Z - axis
L = 249 , SINCE REQUIRED DIMENSION OF PEDASTAL ‘L’ IS
EVEL LESS THAN THE COLUMN DIMENSION 450mm,
THEORITICALLY PEDASTAL IS NOT REQUIRED.
THEORITICALLY PEDASTAL IS NOT REQUIRED, STILL WE WILL PROVIDE
PEDASTAL.

PROVIDE CONCRETE PEDASTAL BY OFFSET 75mm ALL AROUND

CONCRETE COLUMN.

PROVISION OF REINFORCEMENT-
THEORITICALLY PEDASTAL IS DESIGNED AS UN REINFORCEMENT,
BUT TO AVOIDE BRITTLE FRACTURE, 0.4% OF REINFORCEMENT IS
USUALLY PROVIDED.
450
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT, As(Pro) - PEDESTAL
= 0.4 x (450x600) / 100
= 1080 12Φ REBARS -
10 NO’S
USING 12Φ REBAR, NO OF REBARS: X - axis

600
= 1080 / ( )
= 9.56, PROVIDE 10 NO’S REBARS 12Φ. CONCRETE
COLUMN

Z - axis
PEDASTAL REINFORCEMENT USUALLY PROVIED AS ‘ U ‘ BARS :

CONCRETE CONCRETE
PEDESTAL COLUMN

5 NO’S –UBARS - 12Φ

REBARS

PEDASTAL REINFORCEMENT AS U BARS, FACILITATE EASY AND

PRACTICAL EXECUTION AT SITE.
DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH FOR REINFORCEMENT :

THE CALCULATED TENSION OR COMPRESSION IN ANY REBAR AT ANY

SECTION SHALL BE DEVELOPED ON EACH SIDE OF SECTION.
(REFER : IS- 456-2000, CL 26.2.1, SP-16, CL 5.1 ) *

THE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, Ld = ,

WHERE Φ = NOMINAL DIAMETER OF RE BAR
σs = STRESS IN THE REBAR AT SECTION CONSIDERED AT DESIGN LOAD,
= 0.87 x fy ; WHERE fy IS YIELD STRENGTH OF STEEL.

= DESIGN BOND STRESS, (TABLE 26.2.1.1: IS-456-2000 ).

*
• FOR DEFORMED BARS ,VALUES OF DESIGN BOND STRESS SHALL BE
INCREASED BY 60 %.

• FOR BARS IN COMPRESSION,THE DESIGN BOND STRESS SHALL BE

INCREASED BY 25%
CALCULATION FOR DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH ,Ld :

fy = 500 N/mm2

= 1.2 N/mm2 , DESIGN BOND STRESS FOR M20 CONCRETE,

(TABLE 26.2.1.1: IS-456-2000 ). *

THE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, Ld = ,

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, IN TENSION, Ldt = ,

= 57ϕ

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, IN COMPRESSION, Ld = ,

= 45.31ϕ
= 46ϕ
CALCULATION FOR DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH ,Ld :
*
X-axis
12 Dia Rebar-
13no’s
L = 1.7m

Z-axis

450
X-axis
12 Dia Rebar-
300 12 No’s

Z-axis

B= 2.0m

FOUNDATION SLAB REINFORCEMENT

THE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, Ld REQUIRED FOR 12mm REBAR = 57Φ
= 57 x 12
= 684 mm

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH AVAILABLE AVAILABLE ALONG X-DIRECTION-

LdX = (2000-300)/2 -50 [ (LENGTH OF FOOTING-COLUMN WIDTH/2)-CLEAR

COVER ]
CALCULATION FOR DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH ,Ld IN X DIRRECTION:

X-axis
12 Dia Rebar-
13no’s
L = 1.7m

Z-axis

450
X-axis
12 Dia Rebar-
300 12 No’s

Z-axis

B= 2.0m

FOUNDATION SLAB REINFORCEMENT

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH AVAILABLE AVAILABLE ALONG X-DIRECTION-

LdX = (2000-300)/2 -50 =800 mm > 684 mm, REQUIRED, HENCE O.K.
CALCULATION FOR DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH ,Ld IN Z DIRRECTION:

X-axis
12 Dia Rebar-
13no’s
L = 1.7m

Z-axis

450
X-axis
12 Dia Rebar-
300 12 No’s

Z-axis

B= 2.0m

FOUNDATION SLAB REINFORCEMENT

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH AVAILABLE AVAILABLE ALONG Z-DIRECTION-

LdX = (1700-450)/2 -50 =575 mm WHICH IS LESS THAN REQUIRED 684 mm,
HENCE L-BEND BOTH SIDES TO BE PROVIED.

425-50x2 = 325 mm

1.7 m
DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH ,Ld CHECK FOR COLUMN REINFORCEMENT :
*
PEDESTAL DEVELOPMENT LENGTH REQUIRED
TOP FOR COLUMN REINFORCEMENT IN
250 mm TENSION, Ldt = 57x16= 912 mm
WHICH TO BE PROVIDED AS L-
BEND.
GL 912-
351=
1075 mm

561mm
425-12-12-
1500

50 =351 mm
m

Ld (t) Ld (c)

mm
425
DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH , Ld CHECK FOR COLUMN REINFORCEMENT :

PEDESTAL DEVELOPMENT LENGTH REQUIRED FOR

TOP COLUMN REINFORCEMENT IN
250 mm COMPRESSION, Ldc = 46x16= 736 mm
BUT AVAILABLE Ldc = 351 mm.
GL
AS PER SP-34, Ld CAN BE CONSIDERED
FROM PEDESTAL TOP. *
1075 mm
1500

Ldc AVAILABLE FROM PEDESTAL TOP

m

= 250 + 1075 + 351

= 1676 mm > 736 mm (REQUIRED)
HENCE O.K.
351 mm Ld (c)

mm
425
 X
2.0m
X-axis
Y Y

12 Dia Rebar@ Z-axis

1.7m
145mm c/c

PEDESTAL 12 Dia Rebar@

TOP 155mm c/c
250 mm
COLUMN
X FOUNDATION PLAN
GL

12 Dia Rebar@
1.075

12 Dia Rebar@ PEDESTAL

1.5
m

145mm c/c
m

155mm c/c REINFORCEMEN

T
10 NO 12 DIA U
SHAPE RE BAR

561 mm 75m
m
mm
425

PLAIN CEMENT
12 Dia Rebar@ CONCRETE 1:4:8,
155mm c/c 100mm THICK
SECTION X-X 12 Dia Rebar@
SECTION Y-Y 145mm c/c