VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELGAUM-590018

A Detailed Presentation on
GROUND WATER EXPLORATION USING GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM(GIS)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of VIII semester B.E Civil for

TECHNICAL SEMINAR – 18CVS84

PRESENTED BY:
AKANKSHA
1MV18CV004
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Dr. SHIVANNA .S
ASSOSIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SIR M. VISVESVARAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
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OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION

GEOGRAPHICAL GROUNDWATER
INFORMATION SYSTEM GIS PROCESS MODELLING

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WHY GIS GROUND WATER OUTPUT

EXPLORATION AND
DEPLETION
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GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM
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“
🐠 A geographic information system (GIS) is a system that creates,
manages, analyzes, and maps all types of data. GIS connects data
to a map, integrating location data (where things are) with all
types of descriptive information (what things are like there). This
provides a foundation for mapping and analysis that is used in
science and almost every industry. GIS helps users understand
patterns, relationships, and geographic context.
 GIS technology applies geographic science
5 with tools for understanding
and collaboration. It helps people reach a common goal: to gain actionable
intelligence from all types of data

MAPS
🐠 Maps are the geographic container
for the data layers and analytics you
want to work with. GIS maps are
easily shared and embedded in apps,
and accessible by virtually everyone,
everywhere.
DATA
🐠 GIS integrates many different kinds of data
layers using spatial location. Most data has a
geographic component. GIS data includes
imagery, features, and base maps linked to
spreadsheets and tables.
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ANALYSIS APPS
🐠 Apps provide focused user experiences for
🐠 Spatial analysis lets you evaluate
getting work done and bringing GIS to life for
suitability and capability, estimate and
everyone. GIS apps work virtually
predict, interpret and understand, and
everywhere: on your mobile phones, tablets,
much more, lending new
in web browsers, and on desktops.
perspectives to your insight and
decision-making.
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WHY GEOAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
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GIS handles SPATIAL information

-Information referenced by its location in space

GIS makes connections between activities

based on spatial proximity
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GROUND WATER-
EXPLORATION & DEPLETION
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🐠 Ground water exploration aided by drilling is one of the major activities of the Central Ground
Water Board (CGWB) with an objective to discover aquifers in different hydrogeological conditions
and determination of hydraulic parameters.
🐠 Large-scale sub-surface exploration program for ground water was initiated during 1954. In the initial
years, exploratory drilling activities were confined to alluvial tracts in major river basins and sub
mountainous boundary tracts of Himalayan foothills.
🐠 In mid eighties, CGWB added 26 new Down The Hole Hammer (DTH) drilling rigs in its fleet with
which the exploratory drilling in hard rock regions gained momentum. The major thrust of
exploratory drilling program in nineties was in areas underlain by hard rock.
🐠 Another important development in first half of nineties was introduction of open hole drilling
technology in India. CGWB acquired seven percussion drilling rigs for exploratory drilling in
boundary/semi-consolidated formations in Himalayan foothills from Jammu & Kashmir in north-west
to Arunachal Pradesh in north-east.
🐠 These exploration programs formed the background of scientific evaluation of the water bearing
properties of various rock formations.
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Ground-water use has many societal benefits.

• It is the source of drinking water for about half the nation and nearly all of the rural
population, and it provides over 50 billion gallons per day in support of the Nation’s
agricultural economy.
• Ground-water depletion, a term often defined as long-term water-level declines caused by
sustained ground-water pumping, is a key issue associated with ground-water use. Many
areas of the United States are experiencing ground-water depletion.

-DATA TAKEN FROM MINISTRY OF JAL SHAKTI,GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

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Ground-water depletion is primarily caused by sustained ground-water pumping.

• Some of the negative effects of ground-water depletion include increased pumping costs,
deterioration of water quality, reduction of water in streams and lakes, or land
subsidence. Such effects, while variable, happen to some degree with any ground-water
use. As with other natural resources, society must weigh the benefits against the
consequences of such use.
• In order to provide the scientific information needed for informed decisions, these
effects must be observed over time to determine their impact.
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Water-well problems Declining ground-water levels have three main

effects on water wells. First, as the depth to water increases, the water
must be lifted higher to reach the land surface.
• As the lift distance increases, so does the energy required to drive
the pump. Thus, power costs increase as ground-water levels decline.
• Depending on the use of the water and the energy costs, it may no
longer be economically feasible to use water for a given purpose.
• Second, ground-water levels may decline below the bottom of
existing pumps, necessitating the expense of lowering the pump,
deepening the well, or drilling a deeper replacement well. Third, the
yield of the well may decline below usable rates.
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Reduced surface-water flows In most areas, the surface- and

ground-water systems are intimately linked. Ground-water pumping
can alter how water moves between an aquifer and a stream, lake, or
wetland by either intercepting ground-water flow that discharges into
the surface-water body under natural conditions, or by increasing the
rate of water movement from the surface-water body into an aquifer.
In either case, the net result is a reduction of flow to surface water,
though the full effect may take many years to develop
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Subsidence Land subsidence is “a gradual settling or sudden sinking of the Earth’s surface
owing to subsurface movement of earth materials.” Though several different earth processes
can cause subsidence, more than 80 percent of the subsidence in the United States is
related to the withdrawal of ground water

Deterioration of water quality Coastal aquifers tend to have wedgeshaped zones of

saltwater underlying the potable freshwater. Under natural conditions the boundary between
the freshwater and saltwater tends to be relatively stable, but pumping can cause saltwater
to migrate inland, resulting in saltwater contamination of the water supply. Inland aquifers
can experience similar problems where withdrawal of good-quality water from the upper
parts of inland aquifers can allow underlying saline water to move upward and degrade
water quality. Additionally, where ground water is pumped from an aquifer, surface water of
poor or differing quality may be drawn into the aquifer. This can degrade the water quality
of the aquifer directly or mobilize naturally occurring contaminants in the aquifer.
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Assessment of ground water resources of an area requires proper identification

and mapping of geological structures, geomorphic features along with sound
information regarding slope, drainage, lithology, soil as well as thickness of the
weathered zones.
• Amongst the latest available technologies, the remote sensing technique along
with Geographic Information System (GIS) has acquired the supreme position
over the conventional methods in studying the hydrogeology due to its synoptic
view, repetitive coverage, and high ratio of benefit to cost and availability of data
in different wavelength ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Through digital image processing of the remotely sensed satellite images, the
controlling features of ground water can be identified accurately and thus the
terrain can be classified properly in terms of ground water potentiality and
prosperity. Geographic Information System (GIS) has been found to be one of
the most powerful techniques in assessing the suitability of land based on the
spatial variability of hydro geological parameters.
• GIS offers many tools to extract the information about the ground water prospect
of an area by integrating information regarding geologic structures,
geomorphology, soil, lithology, drainage, land use, vegetation etc.
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Groundwater Modelling :
Modelling is an attempt to replicate the behavior of
natural groundwater or hydrologic system by defining
the essential features of the system in some controlled
physical or mathematical manner. Modelling plays an
extremely important role in the management of
hydrologic and groundwater system. The reliability of
any groundwater model depends on a proper
simulation of the groundwater situation in the basin.
This depends on proper calibration, for which the
availability of the data on the geometry and hydraulic
characteristics of the aquifer and data on water levels
and the water balance are indispensable.
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GENERAL OUTLINE
OF THE
METHODOLGY
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ADVANTAGES OF GIS AND REMOTELY SENSED DATA

• Remote sensing and GIS methods permit rapid and cost effective natural resource survey and
management.
• The remote sensing data helps in fairly accurate hydro-geomorphological analysis and
identification and delineation of land features
• With sufficient ground data, hydrological characteristics of geomorphological features can be
deciphered

• Satellite remote sensing provides an opportunity for better observation and more systematic
analysis of various geomorphic units, lineament features, following the integration with the help
of Geographical Information System to demarcate the groundwater potential zones.
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GROUND WATER
EXPLORATION IN
BANGALORE
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• The groundwater potential zones

have been obtained by overlaying
all the thematic maps in terms of
weighted overlay method using the
spatial analysis tool in Arc GIS
10.1.
• During the weighted overlay
analysis, the rank has been given
for each individual parameter of the
thematic maps on its weight
pertinent to infiltration, percolation,
water recharging capacity,
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• However a good number of tanks and parks can be observed in this
region. The water bodies cover about 5 per cent of land in the Bangalore
city.
• Moreover artificial recharging is practiced in many of the residential
sites. Bangalore receives a rainfall 970 mm annually and the number of
rainy days is 60.
Highest amount of rainfall is received during April to November, while the
rest of the months receive scanty rainfall. Peak runoff is 50 millimeters per
hour.
• Due to the availability of sufficient rainwater, water is basically stored in
these rainwater harvesting systems and used for non potable purposes.
• Water from the rooftops is led into storage structures.
The Moderate to poor and poor groundwater zones are seen in the
denudation hills, steep slopes and regions with high drainage density
REFERENCES
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• RS and GIS aided Demarcation of Groundwater Potential Zones in Bangalore Urban District,
Karnataka-S. S. Revathy , R.V.Raikar , S. Suresh Babu-International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 8, August-2016 ISSN 2229-5518.

• Central ground water board , Government of India

• Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India

• Application of GIS techniques in Ground water exploration-D.Rawal,A Vyas, S.S.Rao-ISPRS

Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume III-8,
2016 XXIII ISPRS Congress, 12–19 July 2016, Prague, Czech Republic

• Mapping the Groundwater Potential Zone for Bengaluru Urban District-

Nandishkumar.L, Karthick.M, Arul Prakash.A, Lokpal Bharani Dharaa.D,
Revathy S.S, S.Sureshbabu - International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies,
Vol. 5 (2) , 2014, 1427-1431
THANK YOU!