A T M

PETE 626
Lesson 14

Bottom Hole Assemblies

(BHAs)

1
A T M
Outline
 Drill string design considerations
 Drilling in rotation mode
 Drilling in steering mode

 Drill string design strategies

 BHA’s for drilling in steering mode
 Geometry of Type 1 moter
 Geometry of type 2 motor
 Type 3 and Type 4 motors
2
 T
PETE 628 - Quiz A
A M

Rich. 101,
Wednesday, March 6, 6:30-8:30 p.m.

Closed Book
One Equation Sheet
8 1/2” * 11” - both sides

NOTE: No class on Thursday, March 7

HW #7: Buckling – due Friday, March 8 – Rm 501F

3
A T M
Some design considerations

 Depth of target zone below surface

location
 Inclination of target plane
 Azimuth of target plane
 Azimuth of “horizontal” section
 Inclination of “horizontal” section (EOC)
 TVD of EOC location

4
A T M
More design considerations...
 Horizontal displacement of EOC
location
 Hole angle build rates
 Length and inclination of tangent
section
 Length of horizontal section
 Bottom hole location (at TD)
 Depth of KOP
5
A T M
Drilling in rotating mode

 Torque in drill string

 Axial load in drill string
 Avoid buckling (if possible):
 In horizontal section
 In tangent section

 In vertical section

 (in the curve?)

6
A T M

Drilling in rotating mode, cont’d

 Avoid excessive bending stresses

 Stay below the fatigue limit (or accept the

consequences)

 Avoid pipe body contact in the build

sections

7
A T M
Drilling in steering mode
(not rotating the pipe)
 Twist in the drill string
 Avoid buckling caused by excessive forces:
 In horizontal section
 In tangent section

 In vertical section

 If buckling cannot be avoided:

 Check the bending stresses
 Do not exceed the minimum yield stress of the

pipe body
8
A T M
Horizontal drill string strategies
Surface

KOP

EOC

TD

9
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BHA’s for drilling in steering mode
L1 L2



 Three point curvature,

200 
 BUR 
L1  L 2
 BUR = build up rate, deg./100 ft
  = bent angle, deg.
 L1 = distance from 1st point to 2nd point, ft
 L2 = distance from 2nd point to 3rd point, 10
ft
A T M
Example
 What is the theoretical build rate for a 20 ft
long, 1.5 deg. angle build motor, if the bend is
8 ft from the upper end (away from the bit) ?

 Solution: L1 L2


200 
BUR 
L1  L 2 200 * 1.5
BUR 
20
L1
12’ 8’
L2


BUR = 15 deg./100 ft
= 1.5o 11
A T M
Type 1 motor (motor with single bend)
A B

Bit X 2nd
1st Stabilizer Stabilizer

 X = bent housing angle, deg.

 A = distance from bit to 1st stabilizer, ft
 B = distance from 1st to 2nd stabilizer, ft
 S1 = diametrical clearance of 1st stabilizer, in
 S2 = diametrical clearance of 2nd stabilizer, in
12
A T M
Type 1 Motor - cont’d
 B1 = angle adjustment for undergauge
of 1st stabilizer, deg.
 B2 = angle adjustment for undergauge
of 2nd stabilizer, deg.
 B’ = equivalent angle for single bend, deg.
  = effective motor angle, deg
 B’ = X
 = B’ - B1 + B2
 L1 = A and L2 = B
13
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Type 1 Motor - Equations
A B

Bit x 2nd Stabilizer

1st Stabilizer

180 S1  1 1 
B1    
24   L1 L 2 
180 S 2  1 
B2   
24   L2 
The effective
motor angle:  = B’ - B1 + B2
14
A T M
Example
 Determine the theoretical BUR for a
slick bent housing motor given the
following:
 Hole size = 8.5 in.
 Bent housing angle = 2 deg.
 Motor length = 27 ft
 Distance from bit to bend = 9 ft
 Motor diameter = 6.5 in.
 Bent housing OD = 7.5 in.
15
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Solution A B

Bit x 2nd Stabilizer

1st Stabilizer

 A slick bent housing motor acts like a Type 1

motor assembly.
 Bent housing angle, X = 2 deg.
 Distance from bit to 1st stabilizer, A = 9 ft
 Distance from 1st to 2nd stabilizer,
B = motor length - A = 27 - 9 = 18 ft
 Clearance at 1st stabilizer,
S1 = DH - DBEND = 8.5 - 7.5 = 1 in.
16
A T M
Solution cont’d
 Clearance at 2nd stabilizer,
 S2 = DH - DMOTOR = 8.5 - 6.5 = 2 in.
 Equivalent angle for single bend,
 B’ = X = 2 deg.
 L1 = A = 9 ft, L2 = B = 18 ft
 Angle adjustment for undergauge of 1st
stabilizer:
180 S1  1 1  180 * 1  1 1 
B1    
    
24   L1 L 2  24   9 18 

B1  0.3979 deg
17
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Solution cont’d
 Angle adjustment for undergauge of 2nd
stabilizer:
180 S 2  1  180 * 2  1 
B2        0.2653 deg
24   L2  24   18 

 Effective motor angle,  = B’ - B1 + B2

 = 2 - 0.3979 + 0.2653 = 1.867 deg
200  200 * 1.867 deg
BUR    13.83
L1  L 2 9  19 100 ft
18
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Problem
 Determine what the BUR would have
been in the above example if the bend
in the motor housing were located 18 ft
from the bit (instead of 9).
 There is no change in the overall motor
length.
A B

Bit x 2nd Stabilizer

1st Stabilizer

B: 18 9 19
A T M

Solution / See the

spreadsheet solution

 B1 = 0.40 deg., B2 = 0.53 deg.

 Effective motor angle,  = B’ - B1 + B2

= 2 - 0.40 + 0.53 = 2.13
 BUR = 200  /(L1 + L2) = 200 * 2.13/(18 + 9)

BUR = 15.80 deg./100 ft

20
A T M Angle Build Motors
A B
A S S U M PTI O N S :
Bit x 2nd Stabilizer
1st Stabilizer

Hole Diameter, D.h 8.50 in

Bit Diameter 8.50 in

Bent Housing Angle, X 2.00 deg

Dist. Bit to 1st Stabiliz., A 18.00 ft
Dist. 1st to 2nd Stabiliz., B 9.00 ft
Motor Diameter, M.od 6.50 in
Bent Housing OD, BH.od 7.50 lbf
in
21
A T
TYPE
M
1 MOTOR:

B' = X 2.0000 deg

L1 = A , L.one 18.00 ft
L2 = B , L.two 9.00

S1 = D.h - BH.od , S.one 1.00000 in

S2 = D.h - M.od , S.two 2.00 in

B1= 180*S1/(24Pi)*(1/L1+1/L2)

B1 = 0.40 deg

B2= 180*S2/(24Pi)*(1/L2) 0.53 deg

THETA = B' - B1 + B2 2.13 deg

BUR = 200*THETA/(L1+L2) 15.80 deg/100ft22

A T M Type 1 motor - effect of
undergauge 2nd stabilizer
(increases the build rate)

L=R

23
A T M
Type I Motor - Equations
L
Length of Arc : L  R  so, 
R
S2
   2 in ft
2   *
 180  L 2 ft 12 in

 180   S 2   1 
2      
    2 * 12   L 2 
180 S 2  1 
B2   
24   L2  QED
24
A T M Type 1 motor - effect of
undergauge 1st stabilizer
(decreases the build rate)

S1
2 25
A T M
Type 1 motor - effect of
undergauge 1st stabilizer
 S1 S1 
    2  in ft
1   2  *
 180   L1 L2  ft 12 in
 

 180   1   S1 S1 
1       
    2 * 12   L1 L 2 

180 S1  1 1 
B1    
24   L1 L 2 
26
A T M
Type 2 motor
(1st stabilizer separate from motor bend)

B' = X ( C )
B+C

h
h = CX = (B+C)B’
27
A T M
Type 2 motor

B' = X ( C )
B+C

 B’ = equivalent angle at 1st stabilizer, deg.

 A = distance from bit to 1st stabilizer, ft
 B = distance from 1st stabilizer to housing bend, ft
 C = dist. from bend in housing to 2nd stabilizer, ft
 X = bent housing angle
 L1 = A, L2 = B + C
28
A T M

Example
 Determine the theoretical angle build rate
for a type 2 motor:
 The 1st stabilizer is 6 ft from the bit
 The bend in the housing is 14 ft from the bit
 The total length of the motor is 32 ft.
 Motor angle is 2 deg.
 Clearance at each stabilizer is 1.5 in.

29
A T M
Solution - Summary
 X = 2 deg.
 L1 = A = 6 ft
 L2 = B + C = (14 - 6) + (32 - 14) = 26 ft

B' = X ( C ) = 2 ( 18 ) = 1.385 deg.

B+C 8 + 18
180 S 1 1
B1 = ( ) ( + 1 ) = 180 * 1.5 (1 + 1 ) = 0.735 deg.
24  L1 L2 24  6 26

180 S2 1
B2 = ( ) = 180 * 1.5 ( 1 ) = 0.138 deg.
24  L2 24  26
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Solution - cont’d
 = B’ - B1 + B2

 = 1.385 - 0.735 + 0.138 = 0.788 deg

200  200 * 0.788
BUR  
L1  L 2 6  26
deg
BUR  4.92
100 ft
31
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Solution - Type 2 Motor

in

32
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33
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Problem

 In the above example what is

the effect of reducing the
stabilizer clearances to 1.0 in. ?
(from 1.5 in)

34
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Solution - Summay

 S1 = 1.0 in. and S2 = 1.0 in.

180 S1 1
B1 = ( ) ( + 1 ) = 180 * 1.0 (1 + 1 ) = 0.4897 deg.
24  L1 L2 24  6 26
180 S2 1
B2 = ( ) = 180 * 1.0 ( 1 ) = 0.0918 deg.
24  L2 24  26

 = B' - B1 + B2 = 1.385 - 0.4897 + 0.0918 = 0.9867 deg.



BUR = 200  = 200 * 0.9867 = 6.167 deg./100 ft

L1 + L2 6 + 26
35
 T
Conclusion
A M

 Reducing the stabilizer clearances

from 1.5 in. to 1.0 in.

 increases the angle build rate

 from 4.92 to 6.17 deg/100 ft !

36
A T M
Solution - Type 2 Motor
Effect of Stabilizer Dia.

in
37
A T M

38
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Outline for the Remainder of Lesson 14
 BHA’s for drilling in steering mode
 Geometry of Type 3 motor
 Geometry of Type 4 motor
 Angle of attack of bit
 Stabilizer jamming angle
 Alignment angle of stabilizers
 Bit offset
 Guidelines for sidetracking
 BHA’s for drilling in rotating mode
39
A T M
Type 3 motor (bent housing + bent
sub, separate from stabilizers)

B' =[X + Y ( D )] ( C + D )
C+D B+C+D
40
A T M
Type 3
motor
cont’d

B' =[X + Y ( D )] ( C + D )
C+D B+C+D

 B’ = equivalent angle at 1st stabilizer, deg.

 X = bent housing angle, deg.
 Y = bent sub angle, deg.
 A = distance from bit to 1st stabilizer, ft
 B = distance from 1st stabilizer to apex of
bent housing, ft
41
A T M

Type 3
motor
cont’d

 C = distance from apex of bent housing to

apex of bent sub, ft
 D = distance from apex of bent sub to 2nd
stabilizer, ft
 L1 = A, ft
 L2 = B + C + D, ft
42
A T M Type 4 motor (3 bends,
separate from stabilizers)

B' = [Z ( E ) + Y] ( D + E ) + X ( A )
E+D C+D+E A+ B
43
A T M

Type 4 motor

 B’ = equivalent angle at 1st stabilizer, deg.

 X = tilted drive bushing angle, deg.
 Y = bent housing angle, deg.
 Z = bent sub angle, deg.
 L1 = A + B, ft
 L2 = C + D + E, ft
B' = [Z ( E ) + Y] ( D + E ) + X ( A )
E+D C+D+E A+ B
44
A T M
Angle of attack of bit, Abit

CL of bit
Abit
CL of hole

 Abit = angle of attack of bit, deg.

 Positive when upwards,
 Negative when downwards, like above

45
A T M

Angle of attack of bit, Abit

- Equations -

 For type 1, 2, and 3 motors:

180 S 1 - BUR ( A )
Abit = (A = L1)
24  A 200
 For type 4 motor:
180 S1
Abit = - BUR ( A ) + X ( B )
24  A 200 A+ B
46
A T M

Angle of attack - Type 1 motor

1. Effect of hole
curvature on bit
angle of attack (for
gauge stabilizer):

Angle change from

point 3 to point 1 1
3
= BUR * A/100 deg.
A

ANGLE = A/R = A/(18,000/(BUR * BUR 47

A T M

Continue ...

1
3
Effect on bit angle of attack
A
= BUR * (A/2)/100
i = BUR * A/200 deg.
Tends to decrease angle of attack: effect is negative !
48
A T M
Continue ...
2. Effect of undergauge 1st stabilizer on bit
angle of attack:

S1/2

S1/2 180 in ft 180 S1

 ii = =
A  ft 12 in 24  A
Effect is positive ! 49
A T M

Continue ...

 Angle of attack of bit

A 180 S1
Abit = -  i +  ii = - BUR ( )+
200 24  A
180 S1
Abit = - BUR ( A )
24  A 200
QED

50
A T M

Example
 A type 1 motor, 28 ft long, 10 in. OD is
being used to drill a 12.25 in. hole.
 Distance between stabilizers is 17 ft.
 OD at the bend is 10 in.
 The motor angle is 1.5 deg.

 What is the angle of attack

of the bit ?

51
A T M
Solution
 For type 1 motor: Abit = 180 S 1 - BUR ( A )
24  A 200
 S1 = DH - DS1 = 12.25 - 10 = 2.25 in.
 L1 = A = 28 - 17 = 11 ft, L2 = 17 ft

B1 = (180 S1 ) ( 1 + 1 ) = 180 * 2.25 ( 1 + 1 ) = 0.8043 deg.

24  L1 L2 24  11 17

180 S 2 1
B2 = ( ) = 180 * 2.25 ( 1 ) = 0.3160 deg.
24  L2 24  17
52
A T M
Continue ...
 B’ = X = 1.5 deg.
  = B’ - B1 + B2 = 1.5 - 0.8043 + 0.3160
= 1.0117 deg.
 BUR = 200 / (L1 + L2) = 200 * 1.0117/28
= 7.226 deg/100 ft
 Abit = 180 S1 /(24  A) - BUR * A/200
= 180 * 2.25/(24  * 11) - 7.226 * 11/200
= 0.0909 deg.
 Positive ! ===> building angle ...

53
T
Stabilizer
A M

Jamming
Angle

 S = diametrical clearance, in.

 ll = length of stabilizer blade, in.
  = stabilizer jamming angle, deg.
 S = l  (/180)
  = 180 S/( l ) deg.
54
A T M
Example
 What is the jamming angle for a 2 ft
long stabilizer in an 8.5 in. hole if the
stabilizer OD is 8 in. ?

 S = 8.5 - 8 = 0.5 in.

 ll = 2 ft * 12 in/ft = 24 in.
  = 180 S/( l ) = 180 * 0.5/( * 24)
 = 1.19 deg.
55
A T M

Example

 What is the jamming angle if the

stabilizer is 18 in. long and the clearance
is only 1/8 in. ?

 Solution:
 = 180 S/( l )
  = 180 *(1/8)/( * 18)

 = 0.40 deg.

56
A T M

Alignment angle of 1st

stabilizer

Astab1

1a. Type 1 motor: stabilizer // with bit

Astab1 = BUR ( A )+ 180 S 1

200 24  A
57
A T M
Continue ...
1b. Type 1 motor: stabilizer // with motor
A 180 S 1 - X
Astab1 = BUR ( )+
200 24  A

2. Type 2 or 3 motor
180 S 1
Astab1 = BUR ( A ) +
200 24  A

4. Type 4 motor
180 S 1
Astab1 = BUR ( A ) + -X( A )
200 24  A A+ B
58
A T M
Alignment angle of 2nd
stabilizer

Astab2

1. Type 1 motor:
B 180 (S 1 - S 2 )
Astab2 = BUR ( )-
200 24  B
2. Type 2 motor:
L 180 (S 1 - S 2 )
Astab2 = BUR ( 2 )- - X (B )
200 24  L2 L2
59
A T M

Continue ...

3. Type 3 motor
L 2 180 (S 1 - S 2 )
Astab2 = BUR ( ) + B' - X - Y -
200 24  L2

4. Type 4 motor
L 2 A 180 (S1 - S2 )
Astab2 = BUR ( ) + B' - X ( ) - Y - Z -
200 L1 24  L2

60
A T M
Reaming depth for misaligned PDC bits

D
CL of bit
Abit CL of hole
Ls

 D = reamming depth required, in.

D = LS  A bit
180
61
A T M
Reaming depth for misaligned PDC bits

LS  Abit
D=
180
 Abit = angle of attack of bit, deg.
 Ls = length of gauge skirt on bit, in.
 D = reamming depth required, in.

8 in. *  * 0.1 deg.

 e.g.: D= = 0.014 in.
180
62
A T M Sidetracking with build motor:
Bit offset
12 L1   S1 (L1 + L2) S2 L1
Doff = - -
180 2 L2 2 L2

 Doff = maximum bit offset, in.

  = effective motor angle,
deg.
(varies for types 1 - 4)
D off
cont’d
63
...
A T M
Continue ...
12 L1   S1 (L1 + L2) S2 L1
Doff = - -
180 2 L2 2 L2
 where,
 L1 = distance from bit to 1st stabilizer, ft
 L2 = distance between stabilizers, ft
 S1 = undergauge of 1st stabilizer, in.
 S2 = undergauge of 2nd stabilizer, in.

64
A T M

Guidelines for sidetracking

with angle build motors
1. Locate top of the plug to evaluate
probable contamination and
displacement effectiveness

2. WOC 24 to 48 hrs. Test plug for

strength. Sidetracking requires at least
same strength as formation, or 1 ft/min at
(bit wt./bit dia.) = 1,000 lbf/in.
65
A T M

Continue ...

3. Dress to KOP. Select motor with bit

offset greater than 1 in.
4. Orient motor and work bit vertically
from KOP to 1st stabilizer.
5. Drill at 25 to 50 % of the normal
penetration rate for that formation until
bit is drilling at least 50 % formation.

66
A T M

Continue ...

6. Drilling rate and WOB are good

indicators of sidetracking success.

• Cuttings analysis may be misleading

because of small quantity of cuttings (in
hard rock) and time for cuttings to reach
surface.

67
A T M

Setting sidetrack plugs

1. Use minimum possible retarder

2. Test slurry with 10 % and 20 % mud
contamination
3. Use minimum water; add 10 - 20 %
sand if possible
4. Use maximum volume spacer
5. Rotate pipe during placement
68
A T M

Continue ...

6. Place 1/3 of plug above KOP

7. Batch mix or use recirculating mixer
8. Increase WOC times

69
A T Lateral displacement of sidetracked hole
M

2 1/2
D = BUR L , L = 30.9 D
955 BUR

KOP
 D = lateral displace-

L
ment of hole, in.
 L = length of
sidetracked hole, ft
 BUR = build up rate,
D
deg./100 ft
70
A T M

Summary of Equations

71
A T M

72
A T M

End of Lesson 14

73