ORGANISMAL

BIOLOGY
BY: MR. HARLEY E. PARTOSA
•YOUR BODY IS COMPOSED OF DIFFERENT
ORGAN SYSTEMS THAT WORK TOGETHER FOR
YOUR BODY TO FUNCTION NORMALLY.
•IMAGINEWHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF, SAY, YOU
NEED TO GET NUTRIENTS FROM YOUR
SURROUNDINGS BUT THERE WERE NO ORGAN
SYSTEMS THAT WOULD HARNESS THE
NUTRIENTS FOR YOU.
•WE SHOULD TAKE CARE OF OUR
BODY AND ITS PARTS BECAUSE
THEY PERFORM ESSENTIAL,
LIFE-SUSTAINING PROCESSES.
THUS, WE MUST KNOW HOW
THEY WORK SO WE CAN TAKE
GOOD CARE OF THEM.
AT THE END OF THIS MODULE, I CAN COMPARE
AND CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING PROCESSES IN
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
• REPRODUCTION
• DEVELOPMENT
• NUTRITION
• GAS EXCHANGE
• TRANSPORT/CIRCULATION
• REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS
• CHEMICAL AND NERVOUS CONTROL
• IMMUNE SYSTEMS
REPRODUCTION
• PLANTS AND ANIMALS ARE CAPABLE OF REPRODUCING.
• REPRODUCTION IS A BIOLOGICAL PROCESS IN WHICH
DIFFERENT ORGANISMS HAVE THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE
ANOTHER OF THEIR KIND. WITH THIS, ORGANISMS ARE ABLE TO
IMPROVE THEIR SPECIES AND ENHANCE THEIR PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS.
• PLANTS AND ANIMALS REPRODUCE SEXUALLY OR ASEXUALLY.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Asexual reproduction does not involve

gametes or sex cells.

This type of reproduction can be observed in

some plants and in lower forms of animals.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Budding – organism is reproduced by forming outgrowth, or a “bud,” from a
part of the parent organism’s body.

Hydra Budding Cactus Budding

•EX. SEA ANEMONES, CORALS, JELLIES,
SPONGES, FLAT WORMS.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• FRAGMENTATION – AN ORGANISM IS PRODUCED FROM
THE DETACHED BODY PART OF ITS PARENT.

Pieces of coral broken off in storms A new starfish can grow from
can grow into new colonies. one detached arm.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Some plants can grow from cutting them up and replanting
them.

Fragmentation-
plant cuttings
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• BINARY FISSION – A PARENT
ORGANISM (E.G. A
UNICELLULAR ORGANISM)
SPLITS INTO TWO DAUGHTER
ORGANISMS. THIS IS USUALLY
DONE BY PROKARYOTIC
ORGANISMS AND SOME
INVERTEBRATES.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - PARTHENOGENESIS

Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which females

(rare cases, males) produce eggs that develop without fertilization.
Parthenogenesis is seen to occur naturally in some invertebrates,
along with several fish, amphibians, and reptiles as well as in many
plants.
There are no known cases of parthenogenesis in mammals.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION – A PLANT PART IS USED

TO REPRODUCE ANOTHER PLANT.
• MARCOTTING
• GRAFTING
• PROPAGATION
Green plants are quite sophisticated in their methods of
asexual reproduction. Offspring may be produced by
runners, bulbs, rhizomes or tubers.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

•SPORE FORMATION – THIS INVOLVES THE

PRODUCTION OF SPORES, WHICH ARE
SPECIALIZED ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIVE CELLS.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• INVOLVES THE UNION OF GAMETES (SPERM AND EGG) REQUIRING
TWO PARENT ORGANISMS.
• EXHIBITED TO HIGHER FORMS OF ORGANISMS, INCLUDING
HUMANS
• IN THIS PROCESS, THE SPERM AND THE EGG FUSED TO CREATE A
FERTILIZED EGG KNOWN AS ZYGOTE, WHICH WILL EVENTUALLY
BECOME THE EMBRYO.
Sexual Reproduction:
Requiring 2 parents (egg & sperm)
Combining different genetic material
METHODS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

POLLINATION
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
 Sexual Reproduction in
Flowering Plants
Pollen is produced in the male
organs of the flowers - anthers.
Pollination occurs when pollen
is transferred from the anthers
to the female organs by wind
or by animals. If the female
stigma is receptive to a pollen
grain, the pollen produces a
pollen tube, which grows
through the female tissue to the
egg, where fertilization takes
place by the sperm nucleus.
EXTERNAL
FERTILIZATION
• External fertilization usually requires a
medium such as water, which the
sperms can use to swim towards the
egg cell. external fertilization usually
occur in fish and amphibians.

• The females lay the eggs in the water

and the male squirts the sperm in the
same area.
INTERNAL
FERTILIZATION
• Fertilization occurs within the female.
• Internal fertilization occurs in mammals,
insects, birds, reptiles.
• mammals (gorillas, lions, elephants, rats, zebras,
and dolphins have live births)
• insects, birds, reptiles lay eggs
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION PRODUCES A GREATER
CHANCE OF VARIATION WITHIN A SPECIES THAN
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION WOULD.
• THIS VARIATION IMPROVES THE CHANCES THAT A
SPECIES WILL ADAPT TO HIS ENVIRONMENT AND
SURVIVE.
SEXUAL VS. ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION RESULTS IN OFFSPRING THAT
ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO THE PARENT
ORGANISM.
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION RESULTS IN OFFSPRING THAT
ARE GENETICALLY DIFFERENT FROM THE PARENT
ORGANISMS.
DEVELOPMENT
• Plants and animals have progressed differently. Based on phylogenetic
evidence or the evolutionary history of organisms, the primitive ancestors of
plants and animals was likely unicellular eukaryotes.

• However, based on molecular evidence from gene comparisons, There is

not much similarity between the genes that make up the body plan of plants
and of animals.
 V EL O P M EN T A N D
COMPARE THE DE I S M S
T H E S E O R GA N
REPRODUCTION OF
 O D E O F N U T R I T I O N O F T H E
I D EN T I F Y T H E M
FOLLOW I N G O R G A N I S M S .
NUTRITION
• ALL ORGANISMS NEED ENERGY TO PERFORM VARIOUS LIFE
PROCESSES. ENERGY IS NECESSARY BECAUSE IT ALLOWS
ORGANISMS TO MOVE, RESPIRE AND DIGEST, TO NAME A FEW
BODY PROCESSES.

• NUTRITION IS THE PROCESS OF PROVIDING OR OBTAINING FOOD

NECESSARY FOR HEALTH, SURVIVAL, AND GROWTH OF AN
ORGANISM.
NUTRITION
• IN THIS PROCESS, AN ORGANISM TAKES IN, DIGESTS, AND
USES THE DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES OBTAINED FROM
VARIOUS FOOD SOURCES. THESE SUBSTANCES CALLED
NUTRIENTS, PROVIDE ENERGY FOR THE ORGANISMS
METABOLIC PROCESSES SUCH AS GROWTH,
MAINTENANCE, REPRODUCTION AND EVEN IMMUNITY.
NUTRITION
 D ES O F N U T R I T I O N O F T H E
I D EN T I F Y T H E M O
FOLLOW I N G O R GA N I S M S .
GAS EXCHANGE
• GASES ARE IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY ARE REQUIRED FOR
DIFFERENT METABOLIC REACTIONS TO PROCEED. THUS, GAS
EXCHANGE IS ALSO AN IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
THAT ALLOWS ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE. THROUGH THIS
PROCESS DIFFERENT GASES ARE TRANSFERRED IN OPPOSITE
DIRECTIONS ACROSS RESPIRATORY SURFACE.
GAS EXCHANGE
•INVOLVES THE USE OF OXYGEN PRODUCED
BY PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS AND THE
RELEASE OF CARBON DIOXIDE TO THE
ENVIRONMENT AS A WASTE PRODUCT OF
RESPIRATION.
GAS EXCHANGE
CELL
MEMBRANE
GAS EXCHANGE
SKIN
 DEVELOPMENT
PLANTS ANIMALS
Cells are fixed Cells are motile
Body plan is highly regulated by the environment Body plan is clearly determined by its genes
because plants cannot choose or change their
growing locations

Alternation of generation (Sexual and asexual life Life cycle has only one continuous multicellular
cycles) stage (after fertilization)

Produce spores first before forming the gametes The gametes are directly formed
(fig. 1.4.)
Plants grow and develop continuously until they die Develop into a distinct and complete body shape
(morphogenesis) usually in adulthood.

Plants grow by increasing their cell size Animals grow by increasing their number of cells
GAS EXCHANGE
GILL SYSTEM
GAS EXCHANGE
✔️TRACHEAL
SYSTEMS
GAS EXCHANGE
✔️LUNGS
GAS EXCHANGE
✔️LEAVES
TRANSPORT/CIRCULATION

•TRANSPORT IN PLANTS – XYLEM AND PHLOEM

•TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS – BLOOD, BLOOD VESSELS, HEART
GAS EXCHANGE
✔️LEAVES
TRANSPORT – XYLEM AND PHLOEM
TRANSPORT – XYLEM AND PHLOEM
TRANSPORT – XYLEM
TRANSPORT – BLOOD
TRANSPORT – BLOOD
TRANSPORT – BLOOD VESSELS
TRANSPORT – HEART
TRANSPORT – PHLOEM
REGULATION OF FLUIDS

• BOTH PLANTS AND ANIMALS NEED TO REGULATE THE FLUIDS INSIDE THEIR BODIES. THIS IS BECAUSE
BODY FLUIDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR CARRYING OUT THE DIFFERENT BODILY FUNCTIONS IN ORGANISMS.
HOWEVER, THERE ARE CERTAIN DIFFERENCES THAT CAN BE OBSERVED BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
REGULATION OF FLUIDS - PLANTS

• OSMOSIS
REGULATION OF FLUIDS - TRANSPIRATION
REGULATION OF FLUIDS – COHESION AND ADHESION
REGULATION OF FLUIDS – COHESION AND SURFACE
TENSION
REGULATION OF FLUIDS – ADHESION AND
CAPILLARY ACTION
REGULATION OF FLUIDS – ANIMALS
CHEMICAL AND NERVOUS CONTROL

• HIGHER FORMS OF ANIMALS HAVE COMPLEX FORMS OF NERVOUS CONTROL. PLANTS MAY NOT HAVE
ORGAN SYSTEMS, BUT THEY DO HAVE PARTS THAT MAY BE LIKENED TO CERTAIN NERVOUS CONTROL
MECHANISMS IN ANIMALS.
SEE TABLE 1.5
NERVOUS CONTROL - ANIMALS
NERVOUS CONTROL - PLANTS
NERVOUS CONTROL
– NERVES (ANIMALS)
NERVOUS CONTROL – PLANTS
IMMUNE SYSTEMS
IMMUNE SYSTEMS - PATHOGENS

• LIVING OR NON-LIVING THAT CAUSE/PRODUCE DISEASE

IMMUNE SYSTEMS - LYMPHOCYTES
IMMUNE SYSTEM - PLANTS
IMMUNE SYSTEM - PLANTS