Apex Institute of Technology

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING– (20CST-481)
Prepared By: MR. Aadi Partap Singh (E15043)

04/10/2024 Unit1-Chapter-1_Lecture1.3_Image acquisition, sampling

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER
1
 DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
Course Objective:
During the course, students will be able :

CO
Title Level
Number Will be covered in
To Understand the fundamental of digital Understand this lecture
CO1 image processing with python.
To acquire the knowledge to apply various
CO2 Understand
image processing techniques and tools.
To learn the practical applications of
CO3 image processing steps to real world Understand
problem.

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 DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
Course Outcome:
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:

CO
Title Level
Number
Fundaments and techniques implemented in
CO1 Understand
digital image processing technologies
Will be covered in
Understanding the various filters applications,
CO2 smoothing applications and techniques by Understand this lecture
image processing implementation by python
Acquiring knowledge on various compression
CO3 and segmentation techniques, for image Understand
enhancement methods.

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Recap of previous session
In previous session we tried understanding the below concept :
Need of Digital image processing
What is an Image?
What is digital image processing?
State of the art examples of digital image processing
What is pixel?
What is image resolution, and its importance

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 Welcome to the session of
Unit-1: Fundamentals of Image processing

Chapter-1: Introduction to Image Processing

Lecture: 3 Image acquisition , sampling and

quantization

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 CONTENTS

This presentation covers:

 Image Acquisition and Representation

 A Simple Image Formation Model
 Image Sampling and Quantization
 Image Interpolation

Link: https://medium.com/futframe-ai/fundamental-steps-of-digital-image-processing-d7518d6bb23c

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Acquisition

* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2

dn

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A Simple Image Formation Model
0 < f (x, y) < 
f (x, y)  i(x, y) r(x, y)
where
0 < i(x, y) < 
and
0 < r(x, y) < 1

f (x, y) : intensity at the point (x, y)

i(x, y) : illumination at the point (x, y)
(the amount of source illumination incident on the scene)
r(x, y) : reflectance/transmissivity at the point (x, y)
(the amount of illumination reflected/transmitted by the object)
* Reference: Digital Image Processing - Algorithms and Applications by I. Pitas, Publisher: John Wiley.

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 Some Typical Ranges of illumination

Illumination
Lumen — A unit of light flow or luminous flux
Lumen per square meter (lm/m2) — The metric unit of measure for illuminance of a surface
• On a clear day, the sun may produce in excess of 90,000 lm/m2 of illumination on the surface of the
Earth

• On a cloudy day, the sun may produce less than 10,000 lm/m2 of illumination on the surface of the
Earth

• On a clear evening, the moon yields about 0.1 lm/m2 of illumination

• The typical illumination level in a commercial office is about 1000 lm/m2

* Reference: Digital Image Processing - Algorithms and Applications by I. Pitas, Publisher: John Wiley.
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04/10/2024 Unit1-Chapter-1_Lecture1.3_Image acquisition, sampling

 Some Typical Ranges of Reflectance
Reflectance

• 0.01 for black velvet

• 0.65 for stainless steel

• 0.80 for flat-white wall paint

• 0.90 for silver-plated metal

• 0.93 for snow

* Reference: Digital Image Processing - Algorithms and Applications by I. Pitas, Publisher: John Wiley.

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Digital vs. Analog Images
Analog:
Function v = f(x,y): v,x,y are REAL

Digital:
Function v = f(x,y): v,x,y are INTEGER

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 Sampling means measuring the value of an image at a
finite number of points.
Quantization is the representation of the measured value
at the sampled point by an integer.

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* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2
dn

04/10/2024 Unit1-Chapter-1_Lecture1.3_Image acquisition, sampling 13

Stepping down from REALity to INTEGER coordinates x,y:
Sampling

* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2

dn

04/10/2024 Unit1-Chapter-1_Lecture1.3_Image acquisition, sampling 14

 Sampling and Quantization

* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2

dn

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Image quantization(example)
256 gray levels (8bits/pixel) 32 gray levels (5 bits/pixel) 16 gray levels (4 bits/pixel)

8 gray levels (3 bits/pixel) 4 gray levels (2 bits/pixel) 2 gray levels (1 bit/pixel)

* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2

dn

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Image sampling (example)
original image sampled by a factor of 2

sampled by a factor of 4 sampled by a factor of 8

* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2

dn

04/10/2024 Unit1-Chapter-1_Lecture1.3_Image acquisition, sampling 17

Image downsampling by factor of 2

* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2

dn

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Factor of 2 Up-Sampling

* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2

dn

04/10/2024 Unit1-Chapter-1_Lecture1.3_Image acquisition, sampling 19

 Color images can be represented by 3D Arrays (e.g. 320 x 240 x 3)

* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2

dn

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 But for the time being we’ll handle 2D grayvalue images

* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2

dn

04/10/2024 Unit1-Chapter-1_Lecture1.3_Image acquisition, sampling 21

 Image Interpolation
Interpolation — Process of using known data to estimate
unknown values
e.g., zooming, shrinking, rotating, and geometric correction

Interpolation (sometimes called resampling) — an imaging method to

increase (or decrease) the number of pixels in a digital image.
Some digital cameras use interpolation to produce a larger image than the
sensor captured or to create digital zoom

* Reference: Digital Image Processing - Algorithms and Applications by I. Pitas, Publisher: John Wiley.

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* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2
dn

04/10/2024 Unit1-Chapter-1_Lecture1.3_Image acquisition, sampling 23

 Image Interpolation:
Nearest Neighbor Interpolation
f1(x2,y2) = f(x1,y1)
f(round(x2), round(y2))
=f(x1,y1)

f1(x3,y3) =
f(round(x3), round(y3))
=f(x1,y1)

* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2

dn

04/10/2024 Unit1-Chapter-1_Lecture1.3_Image acquisition, sampling 24

 Image Interpolation: Bilinear Interpolation

(x,y)

The output pixel value is a weighted average of pixels in the nearest 2-by-2 neighborhood

Considers the closest 2x2 neighborhood of known pixel values surrounding the unknown pixel

It then takes a weighted average of these 4 pixels to arrive at its final interpolated value

This results in much smoother looking images than nearest neighbor

* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2
dn

25

04/10/2024 Unit1-Chapter-1_Lecture1.3_Image acquisition, sampling

 Image Interpolation: Bilinear Interpolation

f(x,y)=ax + by + cxy + d

26

04/10/2024 Unit1-Chapter-1_Lecture1.3_Image acquisition, sampling

 Image Interpolation:
Bicubic Interpolation
The intensity value assigned to point (x,y) is obtained by the
following equation 3 3
f 3(x, y)   a ijx y i j

i0 j 0

The sixteen coefficients are determined by using the sixteen

nearest neighbors.
27

* Reference: Digital Image Processing - Algorithms and Applications by I. Pitas, Publisher: John Wiley.

04/10/2024 Unit1-Chapter-1_Lecture1.3_Image acquisition, sampling

Homework
Consider the following 4x4 image. Construct the 8x8 image using nearest neighbor and
bilinear interpolation techniques.

9 8 7 6
8 8 4 6
1 1 4 6

0 9 2 3

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Summary
In todays session we tried understanding the below concept :
 Image acquisition
 Image sampling
 Image quantization
 Image interpolation

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References:

 https://www.simplilearn.com/how-facebook-is-using-big-data-article?source=CTAexp
 https://www.icas.com/ca-today-news/10-companies-using-big-data
 https://www.bernardmarr.com/default.asp?contentID=1076
 Bryant, R.E., Katz, R.H., Lazowska, E.D.: Big-Data Computing: Creating Revolutionary Breakthroughs in
Commerce, Science and Society
 Sathi, A.: Implementation section (book 1). In: Big Data Analytics: Disruptive Technologies for Changing the
Game, 1st ed. MC Press Online (2012)
 R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 Editi on”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2
nd

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 Assessment Pattern
S.No. Item Number/semester Marks
1 MSTs 2 20 per each
2 Quiz 2 per unit 4 per each quiz
3 Time bound surprise test 3 (one per unit) 12 per each test

4 Assignments 3 (one per unit) 10 per each Assignment

Engagement task (non

5 One per each topic depends
gradable)
Attendance +
6 Above 90% 2
Engagement score
Internal (division as mentioned above points 1-6) 40

External 60

Total 100

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 THANK YOU

For queries
Email: aadi.e15043@cumail.in

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