ℙ𝖑𝖚𝖗𝖆𝖗𝖎𝖙𝖞 𝖔𝖋

𝕰𝖓𝖌𝖑𝖎𝖘𝖍
𝕎𝖍𝖆𝖙 𝖎𝖘 ℙ𝖑𝖚𝖗𝖆𝖗𝖎𝖙𝖞 𝖔𝖋 𝔼𝖓𝖌𝖑𝖎𝖘𝖍?

The "plurality of English" means that English exists in

multiple forms worldwide, influenced by cultural, geographical, and
historical factors. It's used globally as a common language, but the
variations, or "Englishes", What is plurality of English? The "plurality of
English" means that English exists in multiple forms worldwide, influenced
by cultural, geographical, and historical factors. It's used globally as a
common language, but the variations, or "Englishes", spark academic debate
about their implications.
■ "Universal Grammar" is a theory in linguistics that suggests that
the ability to acquire language is innate and universal among
humans.

■ "Linguistic Universals" refer to patterns or characteristics that are

found across different languages. These universals are observed
regularities or tendencies in the structure, grammar, or usage of
languages.
"English vs Englishes" refers to the distinction between English as a singular,
standardized language and the various forms and variations of English that
exist globally.

* English, as a singular term, typically refers to Standard English or the

standardized form of the language that is widely accepted as the norm.

* "Englishes" acknowledges the fact that English has evolved and diversified
into multiple distinct varieties around the world. These variations, known as
World Englishes, reflect the influence of different cultures, regions, and
historical contexts on the language.
Standard English refers to the accepted and widely recognized form of the
English language that is used in formal settings, education, literature, and
official communication.
Standard English is typically associated with a specific dialect, such as
British English or American English.
While Standard English provides a consistent and widely understood form of
the language, it's important to note that it is not the only valid or valuable
form of English.
Standard English is often taught in schools and used in formal writing,
professional settings, and official documents.
Common language multilingualism and World Englishes are two related but
distinct concepts in the context of language and communication.

✓Common language multilingualism refers to the use of a shared language,

such as English, as a means of communication among speakers who have
different native languages.

✓Common language multilingualism is often necessary in multilingual

societies, international settings, or situations where mutual comprehension is
required.
✓World Englishes refers to the various forms and variations of English that
have emerged around the world due to cultural, historical, and regional
influences.

✓World Englishes recognize that English has evolved differently in different

parts of the world, resulting in distinct varieties such as American English,
British English, Indian English, Nigerian English, and many more.
Philippine English refers to the variety of English used in the Philippines. It is a
distinct form of English that has developed in the country due to historical,
cultural, and linguistic influences.

Philippine English is primarily influenced by American English, as the

Philippines was a former colony of the United States. As a result, American
English serves as the foundation for the grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation
of Philippine English

In Philippine English, you may find unique vocabulary, idiomatic expressions,

and grammatical structures that reflect the local culture and linguistic influences.
Philippine English is widely used in various domains such as education, media,
business, and government. It is the medium of instruction in schools and
universities, and it is the language used in formal and official settings.

The development of Philippine English showcases the dynamic nature of the

English language and its ability to adapt and evolve in different cultural and
linguistic contexts.

It is an integral part of the linguistic landscape of the Philippines and reflects the
country's unique linguistic heritage
1.)linguistic universal is a characteristic or feature that is found across all human
languages. These are patterns or properties that are shared by languages worldwide,
regardless of their specific grammatical structures or vocabulary. Examples of
linguistic universals include the use of consonants and vowels, the presence of nouns
and verbs, and the distinction between past and present tense.
2.)Universal grammar, on the other hand, is a theory proposed by linguist Noam
Chomsky. It suggests that the ability to acquire language is innate to humans and that
all human languages share a common underlying structure or set of principles.
According to this theory, there is a universal grammar that is hardwired into the
human brain, which enables individuals to learn and produce language. Universal
grammar provides the framework within which specific languages operate, guiding
the process of language acquisition and accounting for the similarities and
differences observed across languages.
In summary, linguistic universals are the shared features found in all
languages, while universal grammar is the theoretical framework that
accounts for the innate linguistic abilities of humans and the underlying
structure of language.
3.)English vs Englishes
"English" refers to the global language spoken by millions of people around the
world, with its origins in England. It encompasses various dialects, accents, and
regional variations, but it is generally understood as a single language with a
standardized form used for communication, education, and governance.
"Englishes," on the other hand, refers to the diverse range of English dialects
and varieties spoken in different parts of the world. These include American
English, British English, Australian English, Canadian English, Indian English,
Nigerian English, and many others. Each of these varieties has its own distinct
vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, and cultural influences, shaped by
historical, social, and geographical factors.
While "English" typically refers to the standard form of the language,
"Englishes" acknowledges the plurality and diversity of English as it is
spoken and used in various contexts globally. This term highlights the
richness of English as a global language and recognizes the importance
of understanding and appreciating its various forms and expressions.
4.)Standard English refers to the accepted and widely used form of English within
a particular speech community or region. It typically represents the variety of
English that is taught in schools, used in formal writing, and considered
prestigious or authoritative. Standard English often serves as a linguistic reference
point for communication in education, media, government, and other formal
contexts.

Standard English
1. Grammar and Syntax
Following established grammatical rules and syntactic structures.
2. Vocabulary
Utilizing commonly understood and accepted words and expressions.
3. Pronunciation
Pronouncing words according to recognized norms and standards.
4. Spelling and Punctuation
Conforming to standardized spelling and punctuation conventions.
5. Register
Adhering to appropriate levels of formality for different contexts.

While Standard English serves as a valuable tool for communication and

education, it's important to recognize that it coexists alongside various non-
standard and regional varieties of English. Additionally, what constitutes
"standard" can vary depending on factors such as geographical location, social
status, and cultural context.
Common Language vs Multilingualism
1. Common Language
This refers to a single language that is shared and understood by a
significant portion of the population within a particular community, region,
or country. A common language facilitates communication and cohesion
among people who speak different native languages or dialects. Examples of
common languages include English in many international contexts,
Mandarin Chinese in China, and Swahili in parts of East Africa.
2. Multilingualism
Multilingualism refers to the ability of an individual, community, or society
to use and understand multiple languages. Multilingualism can manifest in
various ways, such as individuals who are fluent in multiple languages,
communities where speakers switch between languages depending on the
context, or societies where several languages are officially recognized and
used in education, government, and everyday communication.
Multilingualism is a common phenomenon worldwide, with many
individuals and societies navigating between two or more languages in their
daily lives.
In summary, a common language facilitates communication among diverse
language groups, while multilingualism encompasses the use and
understanding of multiple languages within individuals, communities, or
societies.
Kachru's Concentric Circles model is a framework proposed by linguist Braj Kachru to
categorize the spread and use of English around the world. It identifies three main circles or
categories:

1. Inner Circle
This refers to countries where English is the primary language, such as the United Kingdom,
the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In these countries, English is the
native language of the majority of the population, and it serves as the language of
government, education, media, and everyday communication.

2. Outer Circle
The outer circle consists of countries where English is not the native language but has
gained significant status and is used as a second language by a large portion of the
population. Examples of outer circle countries include India, Nigeria, Singapore, Malaysia,
and the Philippines. In these countries, English often serves as a medium of instruction in
education, is used in government and business, and plays a crucial role in interethnic
communication.
3. Expanding Circle

The expanding circle includes countries where English is learned as a

foreign language and is used primarily for specific purposes, such as
international communication, trade, tourism, and academia. These countries
may not have a historical connection to English, but English proficiency is
increasingly valued for its global utility. Examples of expanding circle
countries include China, Japan, South Korea, Brazil, and Russia.
The concentric circles model highlights the global spread and diversity of
English usage, acknowledging that English functions differently in various
sociolinguistic contexts. It also emphasizes the importance of recognizing and
accommodating different varieties of English and the role of English as an
international language in today's interconnected world.

Philippine English refers to the variety of English spoken and used in the
Philippines. It has its roots in American English due to the historical influence of
the United States during the colonial period (1898-1946). However, Philippine
English has evolved into a distinct variety with its own vocabulary,
pronunciation, grammar, and usage conventions.