EL ELECT

VARIATIONS OF
LANGUAGE
Rensh Q. Pantinople
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 02
DICTION FIGURES OF
SPEECH
03
IDIOMATIC
EXPRESSIONS
VARIATIONS OF LANGUAGE
Is a characteristics of language that allows
writers to express more than one way of
saying the same thing.
 01

DICTION
 DICTION
●As style of speaking or writing,
determined by the choice of words by a
speaker or a writer.
●Diction or choice of words, often
separates good writing from bad writing.
 TYPES OF DICTION
Formal
Formal words are used in formal situations.
Diction

Informal
Uses informal words and conversation.
Diction

Colloquial Uses words common in everyday speech, which may be

Diction different in different regions or communities.

Slang Diction Use of words that are newly coined, or even impolite.
 02

FIGURES OF
SPEECH
 Simile
●It is a direct comparison of something to
something else to create a clearer image in the
reader’s mind.
He is as hungry as a lion.
She dances like a swan.
They are as brave as a bear.
 Metaphor
●An indirect comparison of something to
something else to create a clearer image in the
reader’s mind.
The lion man overshadowed the weak boy.
The sea is a hungry dog.
Love is an open door.
 Personification
●It gives human attribute or qualities to inanimate
objects or abstract ideas.
●It is also a comparison but indirect.
The cloud looked down and wept.
Autumn arrived in his coat of orange, red and
gold.
The earth groaned…
 Hyperbole

●Is an extreme or over-exaggeration usually used

for emphasis and is not to be taken literally.
I am coughing my lungs out with that smoke.
She said she could kiss him forever.
 Apostrophe
●It is addressing or speaking to an inanimate
object or a person who is absent as if it/he/she
was there.
Oh Lady luck, please be there when I throw the
dice!
Oh Shakespeare if only you could see the globe
today.
 Synecdoche
●Refers to a whole when you just mean a part or
referring to a part when you mean a whole.
All hands on deck!
I want your hand in marriage.
I have ten heads of cattle to sell.
 Refrain
●Refers to the repeated portion of a song or poem
and can be a repeated phrase, line or stanza.
The woods are lovely, dark and deep
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
 Metonymy
●Is a way of replacing an object or idea with
something related to it instead of stating what is
actually meant. Literally the term means “change
of names.”
The power of the crown was mortally weakened.
I’m studying Shakespeare.
 Irony
●When a person says or writes one thing but
means another.
a. Verbal Irony – when a speaker means
something different from what he/she is
saying.
Enter a messy room and say “Nice place you have
here.”
 Irony
b. Situational Irony – when there’s a situation which
has an opposite effect from what was intended.
King Midas Story
King Midas had wished that everything he touches turn
into gold so he could be the richest man in the world.
Soon, it became a problem for him because he could not
eat since everything he touches turns to gold.
 Allusion
● It is reference to someone else. It’s when a writer
mentions some other work, or refers to an earlier
part of a current work. (Bible story or Greek myth)

I didn’t have any bus fare, but fortunately some good

Samaritan helped me out!
 Assonance
●The repetition of vowel sound in two or more
words which are in close proximity to each other.
I wish there was a way to make her state similar
feelings.
I lie down by the side of my bride.
 Consonance

●The repetition of consonant sounds in a line of a

text so that they appear in quick succession.
When I find myself in times of trouble, Mother
Mary comes to me.
 Alliteration
●The repetition of initial consonant sounds in a
line of text so that they appear in quick
succession.
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
Sally sells seashells by the seashore.
 Symbolism
●It is any image or thing that stands for something
else.
The funeral was full of people wearing black suits.
(Black – symbol of death)
He handed her a red rose and she knew at the
moment how he felt. (Red rose – romance)
 Oxymoron
●Contradictory terms appear in conjunction.
She was clearly misunderstood by her professor.
(was not understood well)
His exact estimate on the price of the cake was
still too much. (much accurate/correct)
 Paradox
●Is a statement or group of sentences that
contradict what we know while delivering an
inherent truth.
You should save money by spending it on
insurance.
This is the beginning of the end of our journey.
 03

IDIOMATIC
EXPRESSIONS
 IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

● IDIOM: ● IDIOMATIC
It is a word or EXPRESSIONS:
words that are It is an expression whose
peculiar to a meanings cannot be inferred
particular from the meanings of the words
language. that comprise it.
 EXAMPLES:

1. Raining cats and dogs - heavy rain

2. Break a leg - good luck
3. Cat was out of the bag - secret was revealed
4. On cloud nine – being very happy
5. Left out in the cold – being ignored
6. Bring home the bacon – bring home the trophy
 EXAMPLES:

1. Give it a whirl – to give something a try

2. Fish out of water – to be out of you comfort zone
3. Piece of cake – something very easy to do
4. The whole nine yards – everything, all the way
5. Left out in the cold – being ignored
THANK
YOU!
 WHOA!
This can be the part of the presentation where you can
introduce yourself, write your email…
 RULES FOR PLURALS

ADD -S ADD -ES ADD -IES ADD -VES

Despite being red, Neptune is the

Venus is the second Mercury is the closest
Mars is actually a farthest planet from
planet from the Sun planet to the Sun
cold place the Sun
 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

Do you know what helps you make your point clear?

Lists like this one:

1. They’re simple
2. You can organize your ideas clearly
3. You’ll never forget to buy milk!

And the most important thing: the audience won’t miss the point of
your presentation
 POSSESSIVE NOUNS

MY YOUR HIS/HER

Neptune is the fourth- Venus is the second Mercury is the smallest

largest planet planet from the Sun planet

ITS OUR THEIR

Mars is actually a very Jupiter is the biggest Saturn is a gas giant and
cold place planet of them all has several rings
 LEARNING CONTRACTIONS

CONTRACTION UNCONTRACTED PROVIDE EXAMPLES

-n’t not Isn’t (is not), hasn’t (has not)

-’re are

-’d had, would

-’ll will

-’s is, has

-’ve have

let’s let us
 VERB TENSES

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

I _______ English I _____ English I ____ _____ English

Past Simple Present Simple Future Simple

I ___ _______ English I ____ _______ English I ____ ____ _______ English

Past Perfect Present Perfect Future Perfect

A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS
150,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
 PARTS OF A SENTENCE

Identify the words in bold and write what they are

VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE

Sarah loves chocolate ice-cream _________________________________

Spiders build sticky webs _________________________________

Because the horrible dinner was cold, they ate _________________________________

more dessert _________________________________
 9h 55m 23s
Is Jupiter's rotation period

333,000.000 386,000 km
Earths is the Sun’s mass Distance between Earth and Moon
 PARTS OF SPEECH ACTIVITY

Identify the underlined words with parts of speech

NOUN PRONOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

ADVERB CONJUNCTION PREPOSITION INTERJECTION

1. Jenna wore a bright sweater 1. Verb _______ _______

2. My dad planted yellow flowers 2. _______ ________ _______
3. Thank you for coming to see me 3. _______ ________ _______
4. My house is where I feel happy 4. _______ ________ _______
5. Ouch, that hurts! Be careful, please 5. _______ ________ _______
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom that
someone important said and can make the
reader get inspired.”

—SOMEONE FAMOUS
 PARTS OF A SENTENCE

The old, tired man was sitting under a tree and waiting for his son to arrive

A AD N V PR C PR P V

A Article V Verb P Pronoun

AD Adjective PR Preposition C Conjunction

N Noun
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 TRACK YOUR PROGRESS

50% 70% 40%

MERCURY VENUS MARS

It’s the closest It has a poisonous Mars is actually a

planet to the Sun atmosphere cold place
 FAMOUS GRAMMAR SCHOOLS

AMERICAS

Neptune is the fourth-

largest planet

EUROPE

Saturn is a gas giant and

has rings
 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

At first, the subject and verb must
agree in number (They visit us every
other week)
A B
Words and phrases with “with”, “as
well as”, “together with”, “along with”
are not part of the subject

Two subjects joined by “and” are
plural. Exception: Bacon and eggs is
my favorite dish
C D
With collective nouns, the verb might
be singular or plural (UK), depending
on meaning
 1
COUNTERFACTUAL

SUBJUNCTIVE Statements contrary to fact:

If he were here, we can
MOOD FORMS play tennis

3 2
WISHES IMPERATIVE
Expressions of desire: I Commands and demands: I
really wish he were here demanded that she walk
with me away
4
NECESSITY
Requirement: It is SUBJUNCTIVE
necessary that she fill out
the form first MOOD FORMS

5 6
PROPOSITION SUPPOSITION
Possibility: “If I were to
Proposals and suggestions:
accept the position, I’d
We proposed that they play
have to relocate
 THIS IS A GRAPH

NEPTUNE MARS
Neptune is the fourth- 38% 24% Despite being red, Mars
largest planet is a cold place

VENUS JUPITER
Venus is the second
24% Jupiter is the biggest
12%
planet from the Sun planet of them all

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 EDITING VS REVISING

EDITING REVISING

● Mercury is the closest planet ● Mars is actually a very cold

to the Sun place
● Venus is the second planet ● Jupiter is the biggest planet
from the Sun of them all
 STEPS FOR REVISING

FIND YOUR FOCUS

2 ADD SUBSTANCE

What is the essence of A process of expansion

CONTENT FLOW
your message? and shrinkage

Content should take

1 readers on a journey 3
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