SCIENCE CLASS

G R A D E 9 - S C I E N C E
AFTERNOON
PRAYER
BIODIVERSITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Explain the significance of biological
diversity,
Distinguish between extinct and
endangered species,
Identify the different threats that may
bring about the loss of species,

Discover how changes in the

environment may influence species
extinction.
BIODIVERSITY
- Is the variety of life in a given
area, plants, fungi, and even
microorganisms like bacteria
that make up our natural world.
ECOSYSTEM
- A biological community of
interacting organisms and their
physical environment.
 Types of Diversity
Diversity of Ecosystem
- Deals with the variations in ecosystems within a
geographical location and its overall impact on human
existence and the environment.

Diversity of Species
- The number of different species present in an ecosystem
and relative abundance of each of those species.

Diversity of Genes
- Refers to the range of different inherited traits within a
species.
FOREST
FARM
POPULATION
 Population
Is a group of living things within a certain area that
are all of the same species. A population of one kind
may affect a population of another kind.
If a population in a particular
environment is all the same species, for
example a species of plant, it is more at
risk if there's changes in the
environment than a more diverse
population with many species of plants.
 BIODIVERSITY INDEX
125
- It's used to describe the number of
100
species that are present in a given habitat.
A simple diversity index is calculated 75

using this formula. 50

25

0
Index of diversity = Number of species in 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

the area / number of individual in the area

Presentation Design
For example, a 100 square meter
125
area has 100 cabbage plant, it has
biodiversity index of 0.001 (1/100) 100

which is lower. While if we have a 75

100 square meter area with 1

50
cabbage, 1 carrot, 1 potato, and 1
onion, for a total of 4 different 25

species and 4 individuals. The 0

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
biodiversity index is 1 (4/4).

Presentation Design
 Population Density
- Is a measurement of population per unit land area. It
is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other
living organisms.

Have you seen an overcrowded fishes in an aquarium?

The fishes cannot swim, they can't even breath, it is
really very uncomportable.
 Population Density

Population Density = No. of individual /

Size of area
For example, a population of 100
small fishes that live in a pond
with an area of 100 square meter
has a population density of 1
small fish per sqaure meter. If the
same number of fishes live in an
area of only 1 square meter, what
is density?
 Carrying Capacity
The maximum population size an
environment can support.

The carrying capacity of the environment

should always be greater than population
density, or else many of the species will die.
 Limiting Factors
- An environmental condition that
limit the size of a population.

- Help balance an ecosystem by

preventing the population from
increasing. This includes the
availability of food and water, severe
climate and weather change, light soil,
nutrients, commercial development,
disease, living condition, and more.
THINGS THAT WE SHOULD UNDERSTAND
ABOUT THE LIFE OF SPECIES.
THREATENED SPECIES
- When a particular species is susceptible of declining so fast that it becomes
endangered.

- In year 2004, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( DENR

) released the National list of Threatened Fauna Species in the Philippines. This
include 57 mammals, 683 birds, 355 reptiles, 115 amphibians and 784
invertebrates.
EXAMPLES OF THREATENED SPECIES

Amur Tiger Red Panda Asiatic Elephant

ENDANGERED SPECIES
- The number of species becomes so low that only few remain, the species is
considered endangered.

- A Republic Act No. 9147 known as the " Wildlife Resources Conservation
and Protection Act " helps those endangered species to become extinct.
 EXAMPLES OF ENDANGERED SPECIES

Philippine Eagle Tarsier Pilareneos

One of the primary cause of decrease in
population is habitat loss or deforestation.

Endangered species, if not protected, could

eventually become extinct.
EXTINCTION
- Is the vanishing of a species when the last of its members die. Meaning, if the
number of species decreases to zero, the species is known as extinct.

The rate of extinction is becoming faster because of human activities.

 EXAMPLES OF EXTINCTED SPECIES

Mammoth Dodo Bird Saber Toothed Tiger

Remember :
Threatened species are animals and plants whose
numbers are very low or reducing rapidly.
Endangered species are those animals and plants
that are so rare and they are at risk of becoming
extinct. Threatened species are not endangered
yet, but are possible to become endangered in the
future.
 BIODIVERSITY LOSS
- It's about diminishing biodiversity
within an organisms and their
environment. Also described the
decrease in number of species, its
variety and the biological
communities in a given area. Thus,
+ 1 2 3 - loss
biodiversity 4 5 6is- often
7 8 9 viewed
0 as
what we call species extinction.
 HABITAT LOSS
- The destruction of an existing
natural habitat, decrease or
eliminates the sources of food or
living space for most species. This is
the major cause of wildlife
depletion.
- Cutting trees in the forest
+ 1 2 3 - 4 5 6 - 7 8 9 0 is one
cause of habitat loss. This is what
we call deforestation.
 Deforestation
- The different causes of deforestation in
the Philippines are illegal logging,
kaingin system, forest fire, industrial
activities, mining and agricultural
conversion to housing.
 INVASIVE SPECIES

- Is an organism that is not natural

or belonging to a particular area. It
can cauae great environmental and
economic damage to the new
environment. In order to the
+ 1 2 to
species 3 be
- 4 invasive,
5 6 - 7 8it 9must
0 adapt
to the new area easily.
Example of invasive
species in the
Philippines is the water
hyacinth, which is native
to tropical or subtropical
South America.
- Invasive species have much impact in
biodiversity like removing the nature
species through competition, predation,
destruction of local ecosystem and its
function. It can be the cause of
biodiversity loss as they tend to compete
and displace native species.
 OVERHARVESTING
- This refers to the harvesting a
renewable resources to the point of
decreasing in number. It is also
called overexploitation. All living
things need resources in order to
survive. In order for us to survive,
+ 1 2 3 - 4 5 6 - 7 8 9
we harvested food and other
0
natural resources that we need.
Overharvesting Chart
 Water Pollution
- It happens when unwated foreign
substance are introduced into
natural water. This process makes
water dirty and not safe or suitable
to use.
Common pollutants in water are
animal waste, disease producing
organisms, radioactive materials,
agricultural chemical, and toxic
metals.
 Eutrophication
- Is the major problem in rivers, ponds and
lakes. This is the process by which a body of
water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients
like phosphate that stimulate the growth of plant
life in water usally resulting in the depletion of
dissolved oxygen.
 Air Pollution
- Is the contamination of air due to
the presence of substances in the
atmosphere that are harmful to
the health of humans and other
living beings, or cause damage to
the climate or to materials.

- It's a big problem, not just for

people or other organisms living
on earth but also causes global
warming and damage to the ozone
layer.
- Are you aware that car is one of the major
contributor of air pollution? Car emitted or
produces harmful gases like carbon dioxide
(CO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) etc. Nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) is a group of air pollutants from
the combustion process.
Acid rain or Acid Precipitation

- Which has become acidic (pH less

than 5.6) when the rain combines
with gaseous pollutants such as
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen
oxide (NO).

- Acid rain may cause acidification in

the soil, surface of water or
ecosystem. Therefore it can be
harmful to living organisms.
 Climate Change associated with Global Warming

- Global warming is an increase in the temperature

of the earth because of the rapid build up of carbon
dioxide and other gases. As carbon dioxide and
other gases emitted in the atmosphere increases,
greenhouse effect also intensifies. This will change
the wolrd climate patterns or lead to global
warming.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
-Is an approach to the planning of the economy that is trying to make it grow faster
while maintaining the quality of the environment for the next generations. To have a
sustainable society, it should live under the carrying capacity of the environment. The
renewable resources that the society use should not exceed on the rate at which is
generated to sustain the needs of the environment in the future.
THANK YOU