CIVIL RIGHTS TO

THE RIGHTS OF
CHILDREN
 Environmentalism/Civil Rights Act of 1964/Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
 Head Start/Elementary Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
 Education for All /IDEA

Elisha O. Lilagan
 ENVIRONMENTAL
MOVEMENT
Growth Of The Environmental Movement In The 1960s And 1970s
 ENVIRONMENTAL
MOVEMENT
Growth Of The Environmental Movement In The 1960s And 1970s
• Many historians find the publication of
Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962 to be a
convenient marker for the beginning of the
modern American environmental movement.

• Silent Spring conveyed the ecological

message that humans were endangering their
natural environment, and needed to find some
way of protecting themselves from the
hazards of industrial society.
 ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
Growth Of The Environmental Movement In The 1960s And 1970s
• President Lyndon Johnson also
took an interest in preservationist
issues. Between 1963 and 1968, he
signed into law almost three
hundred conservation and
beautification measures, supported
by more than $12 billion in
authorized funds.
• Wilderness Act of 1964
permanently set aside certain
federal lands from commercial
economic development in order to
preserve them in their natural
state.
 ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
Growth Of The Environmental Movement In The 1960s And 1970s
• The federal government also took a new interest in controlling
pollution. Congress passed laws that served as significant precedents
for future legislative action on pollution issues—for instance, the
Clean Air Acts of 1963 and 1967, the Clean Water Act of 1960, and the
Water Quality Act of 1965.

• During the 1960s, environmentalism became a mass social movement.

Drawing on a culture of political activism inspired in part by the civil
rights and antiwar movements.
 ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
Growth Of The Environmental Movement In The 1960s And 1970s
APRIL 22, 1970 - Earth Day
was first observed when an estimated
20 million people nationwide
attended the inaugural events at tens
of thousands of sites including
elementary and secondary schools,
universities, and community sites
across the United States.
 CIVIL RIGHTS

Civil rights, guarantees of equal social

opportunities and equal protection under
the law, regardless of race, religion, or
other personal characteristics.
 CIVIL RIGHTS
• This act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on
July 2, 1964, prohibited discrimination in public places,
provided for the integration of schools and other public
facilities, and made employment discrimination illegal.

• The civil rights movement was an organized effort by Black

Americans
• It began in the late 1940s and ended in the late 1960s.
 CIVIL RIGHTS
• July 26, 1948: President Harry Truman issues Executive Order 9981 to end segregation in the Armed Services.

• May 17, 1954: Brown v. Board of Education, a consolidation of five cases into one, is decided by the Supreme
Court, effectively ending racial segregation in public schools.

• August 28, 1955: Emmett Till, a 14-year-old from Chicago is brutally murdered in Mississippi for allegedly
flirting with a white woman. His murderers are acquitted, and the case bring international attention to the civil
rights movement after Jet magazine publishes a photo of Till’s beaten body at his open-casket funeral.

• December 1, 1955: Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama bus. Her
defiant stance prompts a year-long Montgomery bus boycott.
 CIVIL RIGHTS
• January 10-11, 1957: Sixty Black pastors and civil rights leaders from several southern states—including Martin Luther King, Jr.
—meet in Atlanta, Georgia to coordinate nonviolent protests against racial discrimination and segregation.

• September 4, 1957: Nine Black students known as the “Little Rock Nine” are blocked from integrating into Little Rock Central
High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. President Dwight D. Eisenhower eventually sends federal troops to escort the students,
however, they continue to be harassed.

• September 9, 1957: Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of 1957 into law to help protect voter rights. The law allows federal
prosecution of those who suppress another’s right to vote.

• February 1, 1960: Four African American college students in Greensboro, North Carolina refuse to leave a Woolworth’s “whites
only” lunch counter without being served. The Greensboro Four—Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain and Joseph
McNeil—were inspired by the nonviolent protest of Gandhi. The Greensboro Sit-In, as it came to be called, sparks similar “sit-
ins” throughout the city and in other states.
 CIVIL RIGHTS
• November 14, 1960: Six-year-old Ruby Bridges is escorted by four armed federal marshals as she becomes
the first student to integrate William Frantz Elementary School in New Orleans. Her actions inspired
Norman Rockwell’s painting The Problem We All Live With (1964).

• 1961: Throughout 1961, Black and white activists, known as freedom riders, took bus trips through the
American South to protest segregated bus terminals and attempted to use “whites-only” restrooms and
lunch counters. The Freedom Rides were marked by horrific violence from white protestors, they drew
international attention to their cause.

• June 11, 1963: Governor George C. Wallace stands in a doorway at the University of Alabama to block two
Black students from registering. The standoff continues until President John F. Kennedy sends the National
Guard to the campus.
 CIVIL RIGHTS
• August 28, 1963: Approximately 250,000 people take part in The March on Washington for Jobs and
Freedom. Martin Luther King gives his “I Have A Dream” speech as the closing address in front of the Lincoln
Memorial, stating, “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its
creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.’”

• September 15, 1963: A bomb at 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama kills four young girls and
injures several other people prior to Sunday services. The bombing fuels angry protests.

• July 2, 1964: President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, preventing
employment discrimination due to race, color, sex, religion or national origin. Title VII of the Act establishes
the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to help prevent workplace discrimination.
 RACE AND/OR NATIONAL ORIGIN
DISCRIMINATION
• The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the landmark
legislation prohibiting discrimination in several
areas including housing, employment, and
education.

• The sections of the Act relating to education are

Title IV, which authorizes the Attorney General to
address certain equal protection violations based
on race, color, national origin, sex, and religion in
public schools and institutions of higher
education.
 Sex-Based Discrimination

Title IV of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 authorizes the Attorney

General to address certain equal protection violations based on sex,
among other bases, in public schools and institutions of higher
education.

Additionally, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs
and activities operated by recipients of federal financial assistance.
 RELIGIOUS
DISCRIMINATION
 The Educational Opportunities Section works to ensure that all
persons regardless of their religion are provided equal
educational opportunities.

 The Section's work includes addressing discrimination and

harassment on the basis of religion, and spans all religious
affiliations.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNER
STUDENTS
English Language Learner students
 The Section is charged with enforcing the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974
(EEOA). Section 1703(f) of the EEOA requires state educational agencies (SEAs) and
school districts to take action to overcome language barriers that impede English Language
Learner (ELL) students from participating equally in state and district educational programs.
 DISABILITY
DISCRIMINATION
The Educational Opportunities Section addresses disability discrimination in
several ways, including through its desegregation cases and its English
Language Learner (ELL) matters.

For example, in the desegregation context, the Section examines if minorities are disproportionately under or
over identified. In the ELL context, the Section ensures that dually identified ELL and special education
students receive all services to which they are entitled.
 AMERICANS WITH
DISABILITIES
 The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was enacted in 1990 to address discrimination against persons with disabilities
 Title III of the ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in public accommodations, such as schools, operated by
private entities.
 The Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) requires States and local education agencies to provide a free and
appropriate public education to children with disabilities.
 The Department of Education has primary responsibility for enforcing IDEA.
 AMERICANS WITH
DISABILITIES
 The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was enacted in 1990 to address discrimination against persons with disabilities
 Title III of the ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in public accommodations, such as schools, operated by
private entities.
 The Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) requires States and local education agencies to provide a free and
appropriate public education to children with disabilities.
 The Department of Education has primary responsibility for enforcing IDEA.
 Economic Opportunity Act
(EOA)
• The purpose of this part is to prepare for the responsibilities of citizenship

and to increase the employ ability of young men and young women aged
sixteen through twenty-one by providing them in rural and urban residential
centers with education, vocational training, and useful work experience.
• It was signed into law in August 1964 by U.S. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson as

one of the landmarks of his War on Poverty and Great Society domestic
programs.
The Economic Opportunity Act (EOA)
• Another linchpin of the EOA was the Head Start program. established the Office of Economic
Opportunity under the direction (1964–68) of
R. Sargent Shriver, whom Johnson had tasked
with spearheading the War on Poverty.
 HEAD START/ ELEMENTARY
SECONDARY EDUCATION
HISTORICAL ACT (ESEA)

• It was passed by the

89th United States Congress and
signed into law by President
Lyndon B. Johnson on April 11, 1965.
• Came as a way to use education as a
weapon to wage war on poverty
 HEAD START
 What is Head Start?

 Head Start is a program of the

United States Department of Health and Human Services that
provides comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition,
and parent involvement services to low-income children and families.
 ELEMENTARY SECONDARY
EDUCATION ACT (ESEA)

 The act provides federal funding to primary and secondary education, with funds
authorized for professional development, instructional materials, resources to support
educational programs, and parental involvement promotion.

 The act emphasizes equal access to education, aiming to shorten the achievement gaps
between students by providing federal funding to support schools with children from
impoverished families.
HEAD START/ ELEMENTARY SECONDARY EDUCATION
ACT (ESEA)
• According to the Act, the ESEA appropriates the funds for these programs such as funding for assessment,
evaluation, youth prevention programs, and school improvement.

Sections of the original 1965 Act

• Title I – Financial Assistance To Local Educational Agencies For The Education Of Children Of Low-
Income Families
• Title II – School Library Resources, Textbooks, and other Instructional Materials
• Title III – Supplementary Educational Centers and Services
• Title IV – Educational Research And Training
• Title V – Grants To Strengthen State Departments Of Education
• Title VI – General Provisions
New Titles Created by Early Amendments to 1965 Law
2008 No Child Left Behind Blue Ribbon School Logo
1966 amendments (Public Law 89-750)
• Title VI – Aid to Handicapped Children (1965 title VI becomes Title VII).[8]
1967 amendments (Public Law 90-247)
• Title VII – Bilingual Education Programs (1966 title VII becomes Title VIII).
ELEMENTARY SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT (ESEA)
RESULTS AND CHANGES
• The ESEA dramatically changed the landscape of public education
in the U.S. The federal government now has a central role in
education funding and policy.
• The ESEA has also gone through several evolutions resulting in
the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.
• The results are largely dependent on the administration setting the
education goals and appropriating the funds
HEAD START/ ELEMENTARY SECONDARY EDUCATION
ACT (ESEA)
IMPACT ON STUDENTS
The ESSEA was passed with the goal of addressing various aspects of the War on
Poverty.

As a result, the ESEA does not provide for every student in the country, rather, it
provides for mostly low income schools and Title 1 is the central provision of the bill

The ESSEA also expands programs for gifted, bilingual and special education so it is
successful in addressing these groups of students.
EDUCATION
• Education is the basic building block of every society.
FOR ALL
• Article 26 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that “Everyone has
the right to education.”
• Ensuring Inclusive, Equitable, and Quality Education and the Promotion of
Lifelong Learning Opportunities for All.
• global commitment to provide quality basic education for all children, youth and adults.
• It was launched at the World Conference in 1990 by UNESCO, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF
and the World Bank.
• Participants endorsed an 'expanded vision of learning' and pledged to universalize primary
education and massively reduce illiteracy by the end of the decade 2005-2015.
EDUCATION
FOR ALL
Ten years later, with many countries far from having reached this goal.
• Goal 1: Expand early childhood care and education
• Goal 2: Provide free and compulsory primary education for all
• Goal 3: Promote learning and life skills for young people and adults
• Goal 4: Increase adult literacy by 50 per cent
• Goal 5: Achieve gender parity by 2005, gender equality by 2015
• Goal 6: Improve the quality of education
• TVET particularly contributes to EFA goals 3 and 6 as they relate to life skills. As the lead
agency, UNESCO has been mandated to coordinate the international efforts to reach
Education for All.
INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION
ACT (IDEA)
• Congress reauthorized the IDEA in 2004 and most recently amended the IDEA
through Public Law 114-95, the Every Student Succeeds Act, in December 2015.

In the law, Congress states:

• Disability is a natural part of the human experience and in no way diminishes the right of individuals
to participate in or contribute to society. Improving educational results for children with disabilities is
an essential element of our national policy of ensuring equality of opportunity, full participation,
independent living, and economic self-sufficiency for individuals with disabilities.
INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION
ACT (IDEA)

• It is a law that makes available a free appropriate public education to eligible children with disabilities
throughout the nation and ensures special education and related services to those children.
• Infants and toddlers, birth through age 2, with disabilities and their families receive early intervention
services under IDEA. Children and youth ages 3 through 21 receive special education and related
services under IDEA.
• https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10442073070180020601
• https://sites.ed.gov/idea/about-idea/
• https://www.dol.gov/agencies/oasam/civil-rights-center/statutes/civil-rights-act-of-
1964
• https://www.dol.gov/agencies/oasam/civil-rights-center/statutes/civil-rights-act-of-
1964
• https://www.dol.gov/agencies/oasam/civil-rights-center/statutes/civil-rights-act-of-
1964
• https://sites.ed.gov/idea/?
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