Much cooler than high cooling costs:

optimized UPS battery sizing.

Serge Arbes | 01.02.2024 | Berlin, Germany
Senior Business Director Global / Energy Solutions

Company Confidential |
The situation.
Data center cooling equipment are
energy intensive consumers, having a
high OPEX impact.

The solution. UPS Data Center

Exide Technologies brings a solution to

reduce the OPEX impact and contribute
to improved sustainability.
Commercial &
Industrial UPS

Company Confidential |
Our topics.
Reducing cooling costs through optimized
UPS battery sizing.

The role of Exide Technologies Group

The link between cooling cost & battery sizing

What does lifetime for batteries mean?

Battery sizing and cooling reduction

• Basic requirements
• Step-by-step plan

Solutions

Considerations

Q&A round

Exide owned largest solar array

in Portugal: solar charging batteries
& production

Company Confidential |
The world
is changing. That’s why
we are
energizing
a new world.

Innovation

Reliability

Sustainability

High performance

Company Confidential |
We are an international player
in energy storage solutions for
135 years

A pioneer with innovative

and best-in-class products

We treat the world and

humanity responsibly

Company Confidential |
We think worldwide:
the international
footprint.

Europe:
4 Automotive plants
6 Industrial plants
3 Recycling plants
2 R&D facilities

Automotive plant
Shanghai
Industrial plant Miami Dubai
R&D facility Hong Kong
Recycling Americas:
Headquarter Sales agents and
Main sales offices distribution partners Kuala Lumpur

Plus distribution network and other

offices around the world

Adelaide Brisbane
Perth Sydney

Melbourne

Company Confidential | 6
We cover the entire value chain in-house.

Production Research, Development &

Engineering

Sales & Recycling Service

Consulting

Company Confidential | 7
We have merged local expertise into our strength.
Combining well-known brands with experience, cutting-edge technology
and an unrivaled sales & service network.

CEAC

Mergers Strategic New

Founded Founded Founded Founded Founded Founded Founded Standalone
acquisition in organizational

1888 1890 1897 1898 1910 1945 1969 1972- Energy Solutions set-up

2000 2020 2021 2023

Company transformation

Technology agnostic: providing both lithium

LFP and advanced lead-acid solutions

Company Confidential | 8
Exide Technologies.
Worldwide leading group.

Energizing a new world taken literally.

€1,6bn
3
Recycling centers ~ 5.000
Turnover
We deliver high-tech and sustainable last FY Employees

10
solutions to empower global demands.

Automotive

75% >20
Production sites
Motion
Operating globally in over
Defense
40
locations worldwide

Energy Solutions of all European automotive & GWh

2
industrial brands are supplied
by Exide
Recycling Produced per year
No.

135
Years of battery and energy
storage experience
Serving

~450
Customer groups around the
globe each year
2
Main R&D facilities
Player in all segments

Company Confidential | 9
The link between cooling cost and battery sizing.
Downsizing cost with battery dimensioning.

• 2018: 25% of the data center opex = cooling

Lead-acid battery Litium-ion battery
• 2023: >40% of the data center opex = cooling
Temperature 40% charge 100% charge
• 1°C t° increase / less cooling = 2 to 4% energy-saving
• Temperature impacts both LAB and LIB lifetime 0°C 98% (after 1 year) 94% (after 1 year)
Spalte2
25°C 96% (after 1 year) 80% (after 1 year)

40°C 85% (after 1 year) 65% (after 1 year)

IT equipment
60°C 75% (after 1 year) 60% (after 3 months)
Cooling
Power supply
Distribution losses
Lighting

Lithium-ion suffers from stress when exposed to heat, so does keeping a cell at a high charge voltage. A battery
dwelling above 30°C (86°F) is considered elevated temperature and for most Li-ion a voltage above 4.10V/cell is
deemed as high voltage. Exposing the battery to high temperature and dwelling in a full state-of-charge for an extended
time can be more stressful than cycling.
“The rate at which chemical reactions proceed,
Table 3 demonstrates capacity loss as a function of temperature and SoC.
increases exponentially as temperature rises.”
Estimated recoverable capacity when storing Li-ion for one year at various temperatures. Elevated temperature
hastens permanent capacity loss. Not all Li-ion systems behave the same.
The law by Svante Arrhenius

LAB = Lead Acid Battery LIB = Lithium Battery

Company Confidential | Date 10

The link between
lifetime vs. life time.

Reality

Company Confidential | Date 11

It’s all about lifetime. Lifetime
But what does lifetime for batteries mean?
vs.
Life time

Design Life: Lifetime in lab conditions

Service Life: Lifetime in the specific application

Depends on:
• Battery quality (plate type, thickness and alloy, container, poles, etc.)
• Electrolyte density
• Correct charging voltage + AC ripple
• Temperature
• Discharge rate (ultra-fast/medium/long)
• Usage (stationary, cyclic & D.O.D.)
• Inspection & Maintenance / etc.

(End) user expectation

Lifetime in the application

taking into account the
application conditions & use. Battery
Customer Engineering Contractor No-break
manufacturer
manufacturer

Company Confidential |
Run Baby run!
Battery sizing and cooling reduction at higher temperatures.

Step 1A Basic requirements for optimization – clear specification of lifetime

• Customer expectation: back-up power UPS 10 to 15 years

• Customer / engineering specification for batteries: “10-year battery” = insufficiently defined

10 years of battery life?

Temperature often the excuse.

No specification = no required
residual capacity at end of life.
3 to 5 years 7 to 8,5 years 9 to 15 years possible
15 years UPS = 1 battery switch

Eurobat Guide – specification for valve-regulated LAB Service life

Eurobat classifications The service life is the value, which is established on the basis of field
experience under optimised conditions, describing the time in which a
3-5 years Standard commercial specified capacity or power can be used (optimum application and
E(nd) O(f) L(ife) = 80% operating conditions have to be specified).
6-9 years General purpose residual capacity => 125%
10-12 years Long life factor on power to be applied for Should the battery be required to perform the full specified discharge
sizing with regular VRLA duty cycle throughout its life, then a 125% factor for age should be
>12 years Very long life applied in the initial battery size calculation.

Company Confidential | Date 13

Let’s get to the point.
Battery sizing and cooling reduction at higher temperatures. Important:
What is the position of the
temperature sensor & which
temperature compensation
Step 1B Temperature compensation on charge voltage & impact on lifetime
mV / C° is used?
Requirement: Charging voltage to be measured at the battery terminals
(don’t use the UPS indicated voltage as indicator)

Example temperature vs. charge voltage Battery life as a function of float voltage

Incorrect charge
compensation

The graphic compares the following batteries Marathon M, Sprinter P and S

Company Confidential | Date 14

Rack versus Cabinet.
Battery sizing and cooling reduction at higher temperatures.

Step 2 Setup & Ventilation

+ Rack
• Improved ventilation/cooling
Example UPS-Application 50k € Battery Comparision
rack vs. cabinet cost
• More equal temperature distribution €8,000

• Simplicity for inspection €7,000

• Reduced purchase and inspection costs €6,000

€5,000

+
€4,000

Cabinet €3,000

• Higher safety €2,000

• Aesthetically more appealing, sometimes €1,000

more compact (!) €-

-
Rack price Cabinet price Installation on Installation on Installation & Installation &
rack cabinet Demonting on Demonting in
• t° at the top is usually higher than at the rack cabinet

bottom
• Charge voltage less correct due to the higher
temperature spread
• Position temperature sensor? 2/3rd height
• Battery clamps often inaccessible for
measurement (more compact)
Company Confidential | Date 15
Spring fever for the battery.
Battery sizing and cooling reduction at higher temperatures.

Step 3 Determination of average

(desired) temperatures

• Annual average temperature is important

• <20°C = 20°C
• Days > 20°C should be determined

20°C 10 years

30°C 5 years
80% (no EOL)
40°C 2,5 years

50°C 1,25 years

by Svante Arrhenius

Source of graphics: Google DC’s – Researchgate.net

Company Confidential | Date 16

The essence: endurance.
Battery sizing and cooling reduction at higher temperatures.

Determination of average
Step 3 Eurobat “10-12 long life category” & E.O.L. = min. 2 battery swaps
Theoretical Impact Life 10
(desired) temperatures Temperatures below 20°C are indicated as 20°C (no impact on average battery life)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dez Av. T° AGM/GEL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Year

Assumption low 20 20 20 20 20 27 32 29 20 20 20 20 22,3 8,51

• Days >20°C to be considered Assumption mid 25 25 25 25 25 30 35 32 25 25 25 25 26,8 6,23
27°C constant 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27,0 6,16
• EOL (End Of Life) used Assumption high 27 27 27 27 27 30 35 32 27 27 27 27 28,3 5,61

• UPS life = 15 years

Eurobat “>12 years very long life” & E.O.L. = 1 battery swap
Temperatures below 20°C are indicated as 20°C (no impact on average battery life) Theoretical Impact Life 12

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dez Av. T° AGM/GEL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Year

Assumption low 20 20 20 20 20 27 32 29 20 20 20 20 22,3 10,21

Assumption mid 25 25 25 25 25 30 35 32 25 25 25 25 26,8 7,47
27°C constant 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27,0 7,39
Assumption high 27 27 27 27 27 30 35 32 27 27 27 27 28,3 6,74

Eurobat “>12 years very long life – 20 years” & E.O.L. = no battery swap
Temperatures below 20°C are indicated as 20°C (no impact on average battery life)
Theoretical Impact Life 20
Marathon PowerCycle + Catalyst
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dez Av. T° AGM/GEL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Year

Assumption low 20 20 20 20 20 27 32 29 20 20 20 20 22,3 18,00

Assumption mid 25 25 25 25 25 30 35 32 25 25 25 25 26,8 14,29
27°C constant 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27,0 14,21
Assumption high 27 27 27 27 27 30 35 32 27 27 27 27 28,3 13,00

Company Confidential | Date 17

The Very is very important.
Battery sizing and cooling reduction at higher temperatures – preliminary conclusion:

Step 4 Determination of the battery type in relation to the application.

If
all conditions in the step-by-
step plan have been met
(battery correctly described
acc. Eurobat / E.O.L. sizing /
charge- vs. temperature
compensation etc.).
Then
a 10-12 long life battery
can be used in a high
temperature environment,
but lifetime is potentially too
short (depends on the
expectation).
But
a >12 very long life (or longer) battery provides a lifetime
which best meets the cooling cost reduction requirement.
Ex. Scenario
• continuous 25°C & 3 months at 30, 32 & 35°C = 1 battery swap (using >12 years Eurobat)
• continuous 27° = 1 battery swap (using >12 years Eurobat)
• using a 20 years – catalyst/carbon LAB = no swap

Company Confidential | Date 18

Highly recommended batteries
for reducing temperature and
thus cooling costs.

Company Confidential |
No technology is better than one that is constantly improving.
The new Sprinter Pure Power. Your ace that protects your data 24/7.

Paves the way to the future with the most advanced pure lead AGM technology
offering the highest power.

Pure lead AGM technology for a very long design life

Design life >12 years – very long life at 20°C

Highest electrode surface for power and best performance

Thin plates for maximum energy transfer

High energy density for space savings

15-20%
space saving
20%
higher lifetime
20%
more power at
high-rate discharges

Company Confidential | Date 20

Proven, safe, recycable and continuously evolving since 160 years.
Get the most out of Marathon PowerCycle.

Lead-acid battery (LAB)

Design life: 20 years at 20°C

Catalyst in each cell, for an extended design life, especially at high temperature

High surface active carbon additives for high cycle life and fast recharge

Carbon Boost

High-purity lead

PSoC operation

High Temperature Resistance, 1500 cycles at 60% DoD

Company Confidential | Date 21

Welcome next level Lithium Iron Phosphate.
Everything that counts in one energy storage system.

Litium-ion battery (LIB)

Long life (15 years calendar life and > 5000 cycles)

Powerful (up to 300 kW per cabinet for 11.5 minutes, operation voltage up to 544V)

Efficient (high energy efficiency 98%, active balancing allows to operate old and new
modules together

Scalability due to modularity (up to 15 cabinets in parallel, ≈ 4.5MW for 11.5 minutes)

Less footprint, volume and weight compared to lead-acid batteries

Safest Lithium chemistry (Lithium Iron Phosphate LFP)

Easy replacement of modules, does work also with one defect module

Integrated fire extinguishing system on module level

3-level battery management system (module, cabinet, system)

Company Confidential | Date 22

Long live the battery and hurrah for sustainability.
Considerations about additional costs.

• Eurobat classified batteries, from renowned manufacturers, are not necessarily more
expensive.
• Eurobat ">12 Very Long Life" batteries are usually proportionally more expensive than
"10-12 Long Life" batteries.
• Newest generation of advanced pure lead batteries Eurobat ">12 Very Long Life“ are even
more performing than classic VRLA "10-12“ counterpart models (smaller footprint due to higher
volumetric power density & not necessarily more expensive than “10-12” batteries).
Potential more-costs if any, are to be compared to the savings: Sustainability:
• Cooling equipment • Recyclability of nearly 100%, less production required,
circular economical aspect, less energy consuming,
• Cooling / energy cost per year/ total (up to 4% per °C or 1,8°F)
Spalte2 contributing to lower PUE etc..

IT equipment
Cooling
Power Supply
Distribution Losses
Lighting

Company Confidential | Date 23

Everything changes, but one thing stays
the same: good teamwork.
Considerations about challenging times.

• Data center expectations and needs are getting more and more diverse and
are rapidly evolving.
• No "one size fits all" anymore

Example customer expectations:

• 10 years functionality / 5 minutes autonomy EOL
• X months at Y t° / year - Z months at W t° / year
• Battery should function as grid support to serve X discharges of Y
seconds/minutes per year, hybrid function etc.

Consult your battery manufacturer (direct or via your UPS supplier):

• Battery manufacturer supported by local and (preferably) EU experts and R&D
• Proven track record in such projects
• Simulations of various scenarios possible

Company Confidential |
Time is changing.
Lifetime is extending.
Key take-aways.
All about reducing cooling cost through optimized
UPS battery sizing:

• Saving in cooling possible by optimized battery sizing.

• Temperature impacts life of all electrochemical energy

UPS Data Center storage technologies.

• Basic requirements must be met (configuration, charging,

charge compensation etc.).

• Eurobat ">12 Very Long Life" (or longer) batteries for

high temperature sites.

Commercial & • E(nd) O(f) L(ife) factor (calculated on DC power).

Industrial UPS
• Consult your battery manufacturer.

Company Confidential | Date 25

Those who lead should leave
a green footprint.

We transform the future of energy storage and enable the net-zero conversion.
We see ourselves as a partner of todays and tomorrow industries and
communities to drive their electrification.

The Data Center industry can prepare itself for a more sustainable-driven
ecosystem whilst at the same time reducing rocketing energy costs by adopting
Exide Technologies' cutting-edge solutions.

Discover our solutions for the Data

Center industry based on most
advanced technology
to become greener, more productive
and in control of energy consumption
and costs.

Company Confidential | Date 26

Don’t hesitate to ask.
Q&A round.

Company Confidential |
Thanks for your attention.
You are welcome to visit us at our booth, enjoy the congress!

Contact
Serge Arbes Raf Bruggeman
Senior Business Director Global / Energy Solutions EMEA UPS & Datacenter Segment Manager - Director Benelux Energy Solutions
serge.arbes@exidegroup.com raf.bruggeman@exidegroup.com

+33 679 655 771 +32 475 617045

Exide Technologies SAS Exide Technologies Belgium B.V.

5, allée des pierres mayettes Veldkant 35C
92230 Gennevilliers BE-2550 Kontich
France Belgium

Company Confidential |