This session

commences
at 7.30 pm.

Dr. P. Dissanayake
Research Methodology

Introductory Lecture
Major Outcomes of the Subject
Demonstrate the main concepts and current
trends in Research

Plan an independent research project

Interpret results after careful analysis of data

Present the outcomes of the Research

Research Methodology

Introduction to Basic
Concepts of Research
Methodology
(Overall Picture)
 Learning Outcomes

 What is Research?
What is the main Purpose of
Research?
Why is Research Scientific?
What is Primary Research? Can you
contribut
What is Secondary
e?
Research?
What is the Main Purpose of
Research?
 Main Purpose of Research?

Writing a book Collecting information

about a topic
Designing new
teaching materials
Reviewing a book
Change the existing
school curriculum
 Main Purpose of Research

Writing a book Collecting information

about a topic
Designing new
teaching materials
Reviewing a book
Change the existing
school curriculum
Main Purpose of Research

Generate New
Knowledge
Problem: Online Teaching Effective?

Collect pinions of parents & SS on the

effectiveness of online teaching

Online teaching is effective under several

conditions

What conditions in Sri Lankan setting

 Problem: Online Teaching Effective?

Collect pinions of parents & SS on the in g

s e t t
oni n SL
effectiveness of online teaching
s
nd iti
e - o
c
Online teaching
wl e dg is effective under several
w k n o conditions
N e
 Purposes of Research
Exploration Investigate a phenomenon

Description Describe a phenomenon

Investigate weaknesses
Diagnosis
& strengths
Conduct an experiment
Experimentation
to test a hypothesis
 Purposes of Research
Exploration Investigate a phenomenon
obl e m
a P r
Description n
Describe
o t o
a phenomenon
s ol uti
nd a
Fi Investigate weaknesses
Diagnosis
& strengths
Conduct an experiment
Experimentation
to test a hypothesis
 Purposes of Research
Exploration Investigate a phenomenon
blem
P ro
n t o a
l u ti o
Description a soDescribe a phenomenon le d ge
nd k n ow
F i n e w
e r a t e
Ge n Investigate weaknesses
Diagnosis
& strengths
Conduct an experiment
Experimentation
to test a hypothesis
2. What is Research?

Research is the
systematic approach
to obtain new
knowledge
 Systematic?

Following a definite
sequence
 2. What is Research?

Definition – Not Sufficient

Characteristics of Research?

18
Characteristics of Research

What are the

characteristics of
Research?
Characteristics of Research

Systematic Valid

Reliable Empirical

Controlled Scientific

20
Characteristics of Research

orderly and sequential

Systematic procedure

Reliable Results -reproduced

by other researchers

Follows Scientific
Scientific Methodology

21
Characteristics of Research
objectives, logical,
Valid and impartial

Conclusion drawn based

Empirical on evidence gathered

All variables (except

Controlled
those tested) - constant

22
Systematic

23
How to improve pronunciation skills of
my students?

24
 Improve
Pronunciation

25
Practice of songs

Reading aloud
texts Improve
Pronunciation
News presenting
activities

26
 i es t o
at eg
Str o b l e m
e p r
solv
i o n
Practice of songs Sol u t

Reading aloud
texts Improve
Pronunciation
News presenting
activities

27
 i es t o
at eg
Str o b l e m
e p r
solv
i o n
Practice of songs Sol u t

Reading aloud
texts Improve
Pronunciation
News presenting l
e ptu a
activities Con c
w or k
m e
Fra
28
 pt ua l
Practice of songs ce
Con o r k
m ew
Fra
Reading aloud
texts Improve
Pronunciation
News presenting
activities

29
Practice of songs

Reading aloud
Pronunciation
texts
Training Improve
Course Pronunciation
News presenting
activities

30
 i a t i o n
n u n c
Practice of songs Pr o o u r s e
i n g c
Trai n i n
c t i v e
Reading aloud
Pronunciation e f f e g
l o p i n
texts d e v e
Improve o n
Training c i a ti
o n u n
Course P Pronunciation
r s ?
sk i l l
News presenting
activities

31
 ur s e
i n g co
Tr a in
i a t i on op i n g
n un c e v e l
Pro e i n d l l s ?
t i v k i
effec nciation s
u
Pron

Effectiveness of a newly designed

training programme on
development of pronunciation skills

32
 s t u d y
e n t al
x pe rim s i g n
E s t d e
o s t t e
Pre- p e c t ed
l e s e l
Samp

Effectiveness of a newly designed

training programme on
development of pronunciation skills

33
 Effectiveness of a newly designed
training programme on
development of pronunciation skills

Collecting Data

Analyzing data

Testing Hypothesis

Arriving at the Conclusion 34

 Effectiveness of a newly designed
training programme on
development of pronunciation skills

Collecting Data
m ati c
Syst e
Analyzing data

Testing Hypothesis

Arriving at the Conclusion 35

36
Characteristics of Research

Valid

Reliable Empirical

Controlled Scientific

37
 Reliable?
A: 8, 5, 3, 7
B: 8, 5, 3, 7
Perfect Reliability
r=1
C: 8,5, 3, 7
D: 2, 9, 8, 2
r= 0
r between 0 and 1
38
Scientific?

39
 n t i f i c
S ci e
o l l o w g y ?
F d o l o
tho
Me
Scientific?

40
 Scientific Methodology

Characteristics of Research

Systematic Valid

Reliable Empirical

Controlled Scientific

42
 Now, we know ...
• Purpose of Research
• What is Research?
• Characteristics of Research
• Why is Research Scientific?

43
 Example
Research?

44
 A postgraduate
A doctor
student
investigating
investigating
the efficacy of
the opinions of
a new drug
Research online teaching
for dengue

A teacher An education officer

investigating investigating the
the effectiveness of
effectiveness of recently
new reading implemented
materials educational policies
45
 Research

Primary Secondary
Research? Research?

46
Primary Research

Research based
on original data

47
 Primary Research

Research
based on
Test scores original data Opinions of a
of a survey about
classroom Educational
test Administration

48
Secondary Research

Data generated
for other work

49
 Secondary Research

Research
data
generated
Data generated Dept of
Exams – A.L
by another for other work Results
researcher Analysis

50
 Now, we know ....
 What is Research?
 Why Research?

 Characteristics of Research

 Why Research Scientific?

 Primary & Secondary Research

Let's now
study the
Types of
Research
Types of Research
Types of
Research
 Types of Research

Discussion – Your Contribution


Qualitative &
Quantitative
research
 Researcher Researcher
analyzing errors in comparing marks of
the essay class A & class B

My name Pasindu. I
Class A
lives in Nugegoda. I
89, 91, 67, 79, 84
have one sister.
Class B
She ten years old.
39, 54, 34, 61, 35
She likes English.
Researcher analyzing
errors in the essay

a r c h
v e R ese
Qua litati
My name Pasindu. I lives in
Nugegoda. I have one sister.
She ten years old. She likes
English.
 Researcher comparing
marks of class A & class B

a r c h
v e R ese
ti t a ti
Qu a n Class A
89, 91, 67, 79, 84
Class B
39, 54, 34, 61, 35
Quantitative
Research
 Based on
Quantitative quantification or
Research measurement.
Statistics

Compare the marks of

Class A & Class B
Qualitative
Research
Qualitative Based on
Research Subjective Data

Analysis of a Student Essay

Analysis of Interview data
Qualitative How to
collect Data?
Research
Qualitative How to collect
Research Data?

Data Collection Tools

Data Collection Tools – Qualitative
Research

One-to-one Interview

Focus Groups Interviews

Text Analysis

Questionnaires
 Based on
Quantitative quantification or
Research measurement.
Statistics

Based on
Subjective Data
 Experimental &
Non-experimental
Research
Experimental
Research
Experimental Based on an
Research Experiment
Experimental Based on an
Research Experiment

A Researcher wants to test the new

science teaching materials she
designed for teaching Biology
A Researcher wants to test the new teaching
materials she designed for teaching Biology

Class A
(Experimental Class B
Group) (Control Group)
 Class A
(Experimental Class B
Group) (Control Group)

Biology Lessons
Biology Lessons
with newly
with traditional
designed materials
materials

Post test
 Class A
(Experimental Class B
Group) (Control Group)
e s is ?
o th
H yp

Biology Lessons
Biology Lessons
with newly
with traditional
designed materials
materials

Post test
 Class A
(Experimental Class B
Group) (Control Group)
h e s is os t -
y p o t in P
H l a s s B
h a n C
tt e r t
Biology be
Lessons
A e s t
s s
Clawith t Biology Lessons
newly
with traditional
designed materials
materials

Post test
 Class A
(Experimental Class B
Group) (Control Group)

h e s is a l ue
y po t e a n v
Biology Lessons H > M
l a s s A
Biology Lessons
with newly e o f c B
v a l u c l a s s
with traditional
a n
Medesigned of materials
materials

Post test
 Class A
(Experimental Class B
Group) (Control Group)

ur a l
a l N at
–
m e n t
Biology Lessons x pe r i
a s i E s s e s
Biology Lessons
u
Q newly
with C la
with traditional
designed materials
materials

Post test
 Class A
(Experimental Class B
Group) (Control Group)
in
t a k e n
ot b e the
c a n n e d o
s s e s a n' t h
c la s . C
T wo e tti ng
n t ?
Biology
ur a l s
Lessons r i e
m Biology Lessons
a t
nwith newly ex p e
with traditional
designed materials
materials

Post test
 Two Classes
cannot be taken?
A Researcher wants to test the new teaching
materials she designed for teaching Biology

One Class

Pre-Test

Teaching with new

Materials

Post-Test
 A Researcher wants to test the new teaching
materials she designed for teaching Reading Skills

One Class
e s is ?
o th
H yp
Pre-Test

Teaching with new

Materials

Post-Test
 A Researcher wants to test the new teaching
materials she designed for teaching Reading Skills

e
One Classs is n
oth e a
H yp -t e s t > M
P os t
ue o f te s t
n v a l f P r e -
Me a e o
Pre-Test
valu
Teaching with new
Materials

Post-Test
Non-experimental
Research
Non-experimental Observe
Research participants in their
natural settings
(Case Studies)
 Observe
participants in their
Non-experimental
natural settings
Research
(Case Studies)
(Survey Studies)

A researcher records the language

used by a child of nine months
Thaa
Thaath
 Give treatments and
Experimental
observe reactions
Research
Hypothesis testing

Observe
participants or
Non-experimental
collect information
Research
at one point (No
intervention)
Before moving further
 Quantitative research
 numbers

 collecting data and analysing it to

draw conclusions
 statistical process to collect and
analyse data
 Statistics? Example?
 Classroom test
 Marks (Scores)
 Mean score
 Class A: Mean score 60
 Class B: Mean score 55
 Which class is better?
 B
A

Mean Which class Mean

score is better? score
60 55
 B
A

Mean Which class Mean

score is better? score
60 55
50, 50, 55,55,
50, 50, 55, 55,
100 55
 B
A

Mean Which class Mean

score is better? score
60 55
50, 50, 55,55,
50, 50, 55, 55,
100 55
 Larger More
Population Data

More
Reliable
 Types of Research

 Deductive and
Inductive Research

96
Testable HYPOTHESIS is formulated.

Observations are made.

Data are collected.

Data are analyzed.

Hypothesis is accepted or rejected.

97
Testable HYPOTHESIS is formulated.

Observations are made.

e ar c h
e R e s c h)
u c ti v e s e a r
D ed s t in g R
Dataearei s T e
collected.
ot h s
(Hy p
Data are analyzed.

Hypothesis is accepted or rejected.

98
 No formal hypothesis.

A case/ research area is selected.

Data are collected.

Patterns emerging from data are

identified.

Conclusions/Hypothesis are drawn.

99
 No formal hypothesis.

A case/ research area is eselected. a r c h

e R e s r c h)
c t iv e se a
Indu i ld in g R
Data are i s B u
collected.
o t he s
(H y p
Patterns emerging from data are
identified.

Conclusions/Hypothesis are drawn.

100
 Types of Research
•
 e a r c h
Typesypofe oResearch
f r e s
e n t s .
the t u ir e m
• e le c t u r r e q
S to o
r d in g
a c c o
 To be
continued

103