2.1.

ELEMENTS,
COMPOUNDS
AND MIXTURES
BY M.C.O. ODARA
 What is an element?
• An element is a substance made of only
one type or kind of atom.
• An element cannot be split into a
something else.
• Each element is represented by a symbol

Element Symbol
Hydrogen H
sodium Na
Helium He
Calcium Ca
2
Percentages of major Elements In:
Earth Crust Human Body
Element % Element %
Oxygen 49.5 Oxygen 65
Silicon 25.7
Aluminium 7.5 Carbon 18

Iron 4.7
Hydrogen 10
Calcium 3.4

Others 9.2 Others 7

3
 Terminology
1. Homogenous substance is a substance
that is uniformly mixed.
Examples: (a) Solution
(b) Compound
(c) Element
2. Heterogenous substance is a substance
that is not uniformly mixed.
Examples: (a) Soil
(b) Air
4
 What is a Compound?
• A compound is a substance made of two or
more elements that are chemically
combined.
• Examples:

Compound Molecular Formula

1 Water H2O
2 Sodium chloride NaCl
3 Ammonia NH3
4 Sulphuric acid H2SO4
5 Glucose C6H12O6
5
 What is a Mixture
• A mixture is a substance made of two or
more elements or compounds that are not
chemically combined.
• Examples:

Milk Soil Alloys

Blood Urine Charcoal

Air Solutions
6
 Differences
Compounds Mixtures
1. Are pure substances. 1. Are impure substances.
2. Have constant 2. Have variable
composition. composition.
3. Properties of a compound 3. Properties of a mixture
are different from those are the same as the
of elements that make it. those of the constituent
elements.

4. A chemical change occurs 4. A physical change occurs

as a compound is formed as a mixture is formed i.e.
i.e. a new substance is no new substance is
formed. formed.

5. Cannot be separated by 5. Can be separated by

physical methods physical methods

7
 Properties
Physical Properties Chemical Properties
• These are properties of a • These are properties that
substance that can be describe how a substance
measured without reacts or changes to form
changing the identity of different substances.
the substance. • Examples:
• Examples: (a) Hydrogen reacts with
(a) Colour oxygen to form water.
(b) Hydrogen peroxide
(b) Density
decomposes into water
(c) Odour
and oxygen.
(d) Melting /boiling points

8
 Differences
Physical Changes Chemical Changes
1. No new substances are 1. new substances are
formed formed
2. No energy changes occur 2. Energy changes occur
during physical changes during chemical
changes.
3. Physical changes are 3. Chemical are mostly
mostly reversible irreversible.

4. No changes in the 4. Changes in the

composition occurs as
composition as chemical changes
physical changes occur occurs.

9
 How to test for Purity of a Substance
PURE IMPURE
No TEST SUBSTANCE SUBSTANCE

Has more than one

1 MELTING POINT Has only one melting point
melting point.
It boils at a range of
It boils at fixed temperature
2 BOILING POINT temperature.
E.g. petrol boils at 35oC
E.g. pure ethanol to 75oC.
boils at 78oC
Pure substance Impure substance will
will form one form two or more
3 CHROMATOGRAPHY spot above spots above the original
original spot and spot and has more than
has one Rf value one Rf values.
10
2.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

11