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Introduction To Chemistry (2020)
Introduction To Chemistry (2020)
CHEMISTRY
Intended learning outcomes
The students should be able to:
Explain the significance of chemistry in the field
of engineering
Explain the scientific method
Explain the three level of
understanding/perspective in chemistry
Describe properties of matter
Classify matter into pure substances and mixture
Compare solid, liquid and gas
Differentiate physical from chemical change
Accreditation Board for Engineering and
Technology (ABET)
A professional organization that oversees
engineering education
Defines ENGINEERING
“Engineering is the profession in which the
knowledge of mathematical and natural sciences
gained by study, experience and practice is
applied with judgement to develop ways to utilize
economically the materials and forces of nature
for the benefit of mankind.”
Definition of chemistry
a branch of physical science, that deals with the
study of the composition, properties and changes in
matter
Chemistry is sometimes called "the central science"
because of its role in connecting the physical
sciences, with the life sciences and applied sciences
such as medicine and engineering
Chemistry is an empirical science and is studied by:
Measuring physical properties and observing
chemical reactions.
Models are created to explain observations and
organize collected data.
Significance of Chemistry
Chemistry plays an important role in many areas of
engineering and technology
Selection of materials and designs of structures (CE)
Essential in the understanding of how electrons flow as
basis of electricity (ECE,EE)
Chemical reactions involve in the manufacturing of
different products (food, beverages, pharmaceuticals,
cosmetics, polymers, plastics, paints, etc) (CHE)
Experimental research and development of new
products like drugs and alternative sources of energy
Design machines and other equipment (ME)
Solutions to environmental problems
Scientific method
Chemistry as science employs scientific method
A systematic approach to research
Orderly and systematic approach to gather
information in order to answer questions about
the world
Make observations of nature.
Derive a hypothesis or build a model in
response to observations.
Construct experiments to bolster or refute
hypothesis or model.
Models in science
Models refer to a largely empirical description.
Gas pressure is proportional to temperature.
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Symbolic
MACROSCOPIC PERSPECTIVE
Matter is anything
that has mass and
can be observed.
Matter is observed
through their
properties and
changes
MICROSCOPIC PERSPECTIVE
Matter is
composed of
unimaginably small
particles called
atoms that retain
the chemical
identity of the
element they
represent.
SYMBOLIC PERSPECTIVE
Chemical Symbols are
used to represent
elements
Chemical Formula is
used to represent
compounds
pure aluminum, Al Chemical Equations
are used to represent
aluminum oxide,
Al2O3 chemical reactions
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
INTRINSIC PROPERTIES
- inherent properties of substance
- best identified matter
- depend on the kind of material
- permanent properties of substances
- include taste, odor, color, melting point,
boiling point, crystalline structure, viscosity,
solubility, transparency, atomic or molecular
diameter
EXTRINSIC PROPERTIES
- qualities
that describe the outside
appearance of matter
- not characteristic of material itself
- Example: size, shape, length and mass
MEASURABLE PROPERTIES
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
- these
properties are observed after a
chemical change
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID LIQUID GAS
-Definite shape, rigid -Assume the shape of -Indefinite shape
-Definite volume container -Indefinite volume
-Particles are close -Definite volume -Particles are far apart
together -Fluid- able to flow -Particles move fast
-Particles can hardly -Particles are close -High kinetic energy
move -Particles are mobile -Expands to fill the
-Very low kinetic energy -Low kinetic energy container
-High density -High density -Density depends on
-Not affected by -Less affected by pressure
pressure pressure
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
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PURE SUBSTANCE
consistof only one type of matter
has a definite or constant composition
has a distinct properties
can not be separated by physical means
can be an ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
ELEMENT
Composed of only one type of atom
Fundamental substances from which all
materials are constructed
Simplest form of substance that can not be
decomposed
Can not be separated into simpler substance
by chemical means
115 known elements
Represented by SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS FROM LATIN
WORDS
Symbol Name Latin Word
Na Sodium Natrium
K Potassium Kalium
Fe Iron Ferrum
Cu Copper Cuprum
Ag Silver Argentum
Au Gold Aurum
Hg Mercury Hydrargytum
Pb Lead Plumbum
Sb Antimony Stibium
W Tungsten Wolfram
GROUPINGS OF ELEMENTS
METALS SEMIMETALS NON-METALS
-Brilliant luster -Metalloids -Light
-Ductile (can be drawn -Propertiessimilar to -Powdery solid or
into wire) both metals and non invisible gases at room
-Malleable (can be metals temperature
hammered into thin -Examples: Silicon, -Poor conductor of
sheets) Boron, Arsenic electricity
-Good conductor of heat Example: He, S, Ar
and electricity
- Examples: Cu, Al, Au,
Ag
COMPOUNDS
A substance composed of 2 or more elements
chemically combined in definite and constant
proportion
A pure substance because all the particles in the
compound are alike
Elements that make up the compound lose their
identity due to chemical change
Can not be separated by ordinary physical means
Molecules – particles that make up a compound
COMPOUNDS
Homogeneous entity where the elements have
definite proportion by mass
LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTION OR
COMPOSITION: any pure compound always
contains the same elements in exactly the same
proportion by mass
Represented by CHEMICAL FORMULA
COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- carbon containing compounds
- Example: methane CH4
sucrose C12H22O11
ethyl alcohol CH3CH2OH
- Exception: CaC2, MgCO3, KCN
COMPOUNDS
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- compounds that do not contain carbon
- Examples: NaCl
H2O
SO2
NaOH
MIXTURE
CHEMICAL CHANGE
- involves change in the structure and
composition of substance
CHEMICAL CHANGE
EXOTHERMIC REACTION
- release heat in the surrounding
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
- heat is absorbed from the surrounding
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
- States that matter is neither created nor destroyed
in a chemical reaction