Rise of Nationalism in Europe

• Nationalism: the belief that people of a

single ancestry, ethnic / language group or
culture should unite under a single
government.
– attempts to unify separate governments into a
single nation - state based on a shared
culture
– attempts to gain independence from foreign
rule
• Examples:
– Haiti – Toussaint L’Ouverture, Mexico –
Father Hidalgo
 1815 – Congress of Vienna
• 1815 – Napoleon defeated
• Congress of Vienna (Prince Metternich of
Austria, Czar Alexander of Russia, Great
Britain and Prussia) restore the Old
conservative Monarchies
– Repeal equalities under the law given by
Napoleonic Code
– Censored speech and Press
– Monitor universities for “revolutionary activity”
 1848 Revolutions:
Spontaneous uprisings against the
established monarchies throughout Europe:
 Goals:
• Some wanted Economic Reforms
(workers rights, redistribution of wealth
and property)
• Some wanted Political Rights (male
suffrage, end to serfdom, civil liberties,
representative government)
• Some wanted Independence from foreign
control, unification into a sovereign state
 France
• “We behold in it nothing more than a blind and rude, but
powerful, effort on the part of the workmen to escape
from the necessities of their condition, which had been
depicted to them as one of unlawful oppression, ……
These poor people had been told that the wealth of the
rich was in some way the product of a theft practiced
upon themselves. They had been assured that the
inequality of fortunes was as opposed to morality and the
welfare of society as it was to nature. ….It must also be
observed that this formidable insurrection was not the
enterprise of a certain number of conspirators, but the
revolt of one whole section of the population against
another.” - Alexis de Tocqueville
 The German States
• “Now had arrived in Germany the day for the
establishment of "German Unity," and the
founding of a great, powerful, national German
empire. ……… the demands for civil rights and
liberties, free speech, free press, the right of free
assembly, equality before the law, a freely
elected representation of the people with
legislative power, ….. the right of the people to
carry arms, …….in short, that which was called
a "Constitutional form of government on a broad
democratic basis."
– Carl Schurz: A Look Back at 1848, 1907
 Goals of 1848
• France – 1st Bourgeosie want
representation – 2nd (Bloody June Days)
lower classes want workers rights and
representation in govt.
• German states – Germans want unification
into one German govt. and civil liberties
• Austrian Empire – Hungary, led by Louis
Kossuth wants to be recognized as a
separate govt.
• Italy – people want a Unified Italy, free
from foreign control – Mazzini’s
Risorgimento!
 Crimean War
• What caused the Crimean War?
• What new alliances were formed?
• In what ways did the Crimean war represent significant
change in Europe?
• Pages 519 –
521 cp –
brown

• 511 – 513 cp
blue

• 544-546 cp
blue cloth
• What does it mean to be American?

• Customs
• Values / beliefs
• Culture (celebrations, foods, pastimes,
and other things you associate with being
American
 Italy
• Risorgimento – “Reawakening” of Italian
culture – led by Giuseppe Mazzini spread
idea that all of Italy should be a united
people like Roman Empire

• Called for Unification of Italian provinces

and overthrow of Austrian rulers
Italy
 Unification
• Camillo di Cavour PM of Sardinia &
Piedmont leads conquest & treaties in
North
• Giuseppe Garibaldi leads the Red Shirts
(guerrilla combat units) in the south

• By 1870 – Italy is United, Victor Emanuel II

is King. Vatican City inside Rome is the
only portion left to the Pope
Germany
 Otto Von Bismarck
• Policy of Realpolitik- (politics of reality)
disregard ethics, do what is necessary to
accomplish political goals

• Sees united Germany as something that

will strengthen / benefit Prussia
 Blood and Iron Speech
• The position of Prussia in Germany will not be
determined by its liberalism but by its power ...
Prussia must concentrate its strength and hold it
for the favourable moment, which has already
come and gone several times. Since the treaties
of Vienna, our frontiers have been ill-designed
for a healthy body politic. Not through speeches
and majority decisions will the great questions of
the day be decided - that was the great mistake
of 1848 and 1849 - but by iron and blood.
- Otto von Bismarck 1862
 Conquest of German states
1. Danish War – over Schleswig / Holstein –
German speaking, Denmark controls

– Austria and Prussia unite to conquer region

and split control

– Bismarck takes whole region – denies Austria

• Red – Schleswig – Holstein
• Blue – Prussia
• Tan – Other German States
 2. Seven Weeks War - 1866
• Aka Austro – Prussian War
• Austria v. Prussia over Schleswig and
Holstein
• Northern German states (Protestant) don’t
want a strong Austrian (Catholic) presence
in the North

• Unite with Prussia

 The Ems Dispatch
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ems_Dispatch

• On 13 July 1870, King Wilhelm I of Prussia, on his morning stroll in the Kurpark in Ems, was waylaid by
Count Vincent Benedetti,[3] the French ambassador to Prussia since 1864. Benedetti had been instructed by
his superior, Foreign Minister Agénor, the Duc de Gramont, to present the French demand that the king
should guarantee that he would never again permit the candidacy of a Hohenzollern prince to the Spanish
throne.[4] The meeting was informal and took place on the promenade of the Kursaal with the king’s
entourage at a discreet distance. Politely, and in a friendly manner,[5] "with the courtesy that never failed
him," the king refused to bind himself to any course of action into the indefinite future. After their exchange,
"the two departed coolly."[6]
• From the meeting, the King's secretary Heinrich Abeken wrote an account, which was passed on to Otto von
Bismarck in Berlin. Wilhelm described Benedetti as "very importunate." The King gave permission to
Bismarck to release an account of the events.
• Bismarck took it upon himself to edit the report, sharpening the language. He cut out Wilhelm’s conciliatory
phrases and emphasized the real issue. The French had made certain demands under threat of war; and
Wilhelm had refused them. This was no forgery; it was a clear statement of the facts.[7] Certainly the edit of
the telegram, released on the evening of the same day (13 July) to the media and foreign embassies, gave
the impression both that Benedetti was rather more demanding and that the King was exceedingly abrupt. It
was designed to give the French the impression that King Wilhelm I had insulted Count Benedetti; likewise,
the Germans interpreted the modified dispatch as the Count insulting the King.
• Bismarck had viewed the worsening relations with France with open satisfaction. If war had to come, now
was as good a time as any. His editing, he assured his friends, "would have the effect of a red rag on the
Gallic [French] bull."[8] The edited telegram was to be presented henceforth as the cause of the war.[9]
 Franco Prussian War - 1870 - 1871
• France declares war on July 19th 1870
• France must go through the Southern
German states to get to Prussia
• S. German states appeal to Prussia for
protection
• France defeated
• Territory of Alsace – Lorraine given to
Germany
• Bismarck has now united all German
states except Austria
 Alsace – Lorraine
mixture of German & French
speakers
 Russia
• Czar Alexander II – freed the serfs 1861
• To create a workforce for factories
• “Czar Liberator”

• Killed by bomb 1881 – “the people’s will”

(wanted no Czar)
 Alexander III
• Blamed attack on reformers / radicals
who wanted to change government and
economy on Russia

• Russification – policy that attempted to

unite Russia under a common culture
that stressed
1. Allegiance to Czar
2. Russian language
3. Eastern Orthodox church
 Pogroms
• An organized attack on a specific cultural
or religious group

• If you did not speak Russian or practice

EO or if you practiced a unique culture you
were seen as an enemy

• “Ethnic Cleansing”
• Jews, Poles, Turks
 Jews fleeing a pogrom
• Killings, land & possessions taken, homes
destroyed
Austrian
Empire
 Austria
• 12 different ethnic groups
• 2 largest states
– Austria – Germans - industrialized
– Hungary – Magyars - agricultural

• Magyars want independence (nationalist leader

Louis Kossuth)
• Compromise of 1867 – Emperor Franz Joseph
allows Hungary independence from Austria
• Ausgleich The Dual
• Franz Joseph will
be king of Hungary Monarchy
and Emperor of
Austria
• Both states will
have
– Separate parliament
– Separate domestic
policies (state
affairs)

• They will be united

in foreign policy
(allies)