WELCOME TO FIRST AID

PROVIDE AN EMERGENCY FIRST AID RESPONSE IN AN

EDUCATION & CARE SETTING
HLTAID012
RTO
40636
 AGENDA

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

CPR TEST

ASTHMA & ANAPHYLAXIS

PROVIDE FIRST AID

PROVIDE FIRST AID TEST

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

DEMONSTRATE THE BASIC LIFE SUPPORT PROCESS

DEMONSTRATE CPR ON AN ADULT, CHILD & INFANT

DEMONSTRATE THE USE OF AN AUTOMATED EXTERNAL

DEFIBRILLATOR
 CARDIAC
ARREST
DEFINITION: AN ELECTRICAL PROBLEM WHICH CAUSES THE HEART TO
STOP PUMPING BLOOD. THE PERSON WILL BE UNRESPONSIVE & NOT
BREATHING NORMALLY.

CARDIAC ARREST CAN OCCUR TO ANYONE AT ANYTIME. COMMON

CAUSES CAN INCLUDE HEART ATTACKS & GENETIC HEART CONDITIONS.

THROUGHOUT THIS COURSE YOU WILL NEED TO COMPLETE 2 MINUTES

OF UNINTERRUPTED CPR ON AN ADULT, CHILD & INFANT MANIKIN
PLACED ON THE FLOOR.

THE FIRST FEW MINUTES OF A VICTIM’S CARDIAC ARREST HOLDS THE KEY TO THEIR SURVIVAL.
 CONSENT

IF THE CASUALTY IS UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE, SEEK CONSENT FROM A

PARENT OR GUARDIAN. IF YOU HAVE A DUTY OF CARE TO A PERSON
UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE, YOU HAVE A LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY TO ACT IN
THEIR BEST INTEREST.

IF THE CASUALTY IS CONSCIOUS, YOU MUST SEEK CONSENT.

IF THE CASUALTY IS UNCONSCIOUS/UNRESPONSIVE, CONSENT IS

IMPLIED & YOU CAN BEGIN TREATMENT.

BE AWARE OF RELIGIOUS & CULTURAL BELIEFS. ALSO BE AWARE THAT SOME PEOPLE HAVE A ‘DO
NOT RESUSCITATE’ CERTIFICATE. CALL 000 IF IN DOUBT.
 ASSESSING THE SCENE

ASSESS THE
SCENE FOR CAN I SEE,
ANY HEAR OR
POTENTIAL SMELL
DANGERS & ANYTHING
ELIMINATE POTENTIALL
THESE Y
DANGERS IF DANGEROUS?
SAFE TO DO
SO.

YOU CAN’T HELP ANYONE IF YOU BECOME THE PATIENT!

 BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
D DANGER (IS ANYONE AT THE SCENE IN DANGER? USE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT)
R RESPONSE (IS THE PERSON CONSCIOUS OR UNCONSCIOUS? TEST BY USING TALK &
TOUCH)
S SEND FOR HELP (AUSTRALIA: 000, OVERSEAS: 112, ADVICE: 13HEALTH, POISONS: 13 11 26)

A AIRWAY (NEUTRAL POSITION WHILE CHECKING. IF THERE IS AN OBSTRUCTION, TURN

INTO RECOVERY)
B BREATHING (LOOK, LISTEN & FEEL. BREATHING NORMALLY > RECOVERY, NOT
BREATHING NORMALLY > CPR)
C CPR (30 COMPRESSIONS:2 RESCUE BREATHS @ 5 CYCLES IN 2 MINUTES)

D DEFIBRILLATION (USE AS SOON AS AVAILABLE, ATTACH PADS TO CASUALTY, FOLLOW

PROMPTS)
DRSABCD SHOULD BE FOLLOWED THROUGHOUT EVERY MEDICAL EMERGENCY OR FIRST AID SITUATION.
NOTE: LIFE THREATENING BLEEDING TAKES PRIORITY OVER AIRWAY & BREATHING INTERVENTIONS.
 BASIC RECOVERY POSITION

REMEMBER TO ‘RAISE THE RIGHT’ FOR PREGNANT WOMEN (ROLL ONTO THEIR LEFT SIDE)
 RECOVERY POSITION FOR SUSPECTED
SPINAL INJURIES

THE AIRWAY TAKES PRECEDENCE

OVER A SPINAL INJURY

FOR A PATIENT WHO IS RESPONSIVE & BREATHING NORMALLY, ASK THEM TO STAY STILL BUT IF
THE PATIENT HAS AN AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION OR IS UNRESPONSIVE, ROLL THEM INTO THE
RECOVERY POSITION.
 SOURCING INFORMATION

CREATE YOUR OWN MEDICAL ID USING THE HEALTH APP ON

YOUR IPHONE. SETUP OTHER EMERGENCY FUNCTIONS
THROUGH THE SETTINGS MENU.
 THE CHAIN OF
SURVIVAL

EARLY POST
EARLY EARLY EARLY
RESUSCITATION
RECOGNITION CPR DEFIBRILLATION
CARE

AUSTRALIA SEATTLE
10% 62%

“IN AUSTRALIA, MORE THAN 30,000 PEOPLE SUFFER A CARDIAC ARREST EVERY YEAR, WITH FEWER
THAN 10% SURVIVING TO LEAVE HOSPITAL.” (AMBULANCE VICTORIA 2016)
 THE FIRST AID
FIVE

ALWAYS WALK TO THE UNRESPONSIVE & BREATHING

SCENE WHILE 1 2 NORMALLY = RECOVERY
REMAINING CALM POSITION

THE AIRWAY TAKES PRECEDENCE UNRESPONSIVE & NOT

OVER A SPINAL INJURY 4 3 BREATHING NORMALLY = CPR
& AED

5. WHEN ATTENDING A MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT, TURN OFF THE

IGNITION & ACTIVATE THE PARK BRAKE. BE CAUTIOUS THAT AIRBAGS THAT
HAVE NOT DEPLOYED, MAY ACTIVATE FOLLOWING A CRASH.
 COMPRESSIONS

PLACE THE HEAL OF YOUR

HAND/ TWO FINGERS (FOR COMPRESS TO 1/3 OF
INFANTS) ON THE LOWER CHEST DEPTH
HALF OF THE STERNUM

COMPLETE APPROXIMATELY
TWO COMPRESSIONS PER
SECOND
 COMPRESSIONS
IN NOTICEABLY PREGNANT WOMEN, STANDARD CPR SHOULD BE COMMENCED
PREGNANT IMMEDIATELY. ONCE CPR IS IN PROGRESS, IF THERE ARE SUFFICIENT
RESOURCES AVAILABLE, RESCUERS SHOULD PLACE PADDING SUCH AS A TOWEL
WOMEN OR CUSHION UNDER THE RIGHT HIP TO TILT THE WOMAN’S HIPS
(APPROXIMATELY 15-30 DEGREES) TO THE LEFT BUT LEAVE HER SHOULDERS
FLAT TO ENABLE GOOD QUALITY CHEST COMPRESSIONS.

REMEMBER TO ‘RAISE THE RIGHT’ FOR PREGNANT WOMEN

 RESCUE BREATHS
INFANTS: NEUTRAL YOUR BREATH ENSURE THERE IS AN EXHALED AIR
HEAD POSITION, SHOULD BE EQUAL RISE & FALL OF 17% OXYGEN
CHILDREN & RELATIVE TO THE THE CHEST AFTER INHALED AIR
ADULTS: FULL HEAD SIZE OF THE EACH BREATH 21% OXYGEN
TILT CASUALTY

INFANTS: PUFF OF AIR ENSURE THOROUGH DO COMPRESSION

FROM CHEEK, SEAL OF CASUALTY’S ONLY CPR IF
CHILDREN & ADULTS: MOUTH & NOSE (USE UNWILLING OR
SMALL RISE & FALL OF YOUR CHEEK OR UNABLE TO GIVE
CHEST FINGERS) RESCUE BREATHS
THE OXYGEN WE ARE PROVIDING THE CASUALTY DURING RESUSCITATION IS NEEDED TO REPLACE
THE OXYGEN USED BY THE BODY TO KEEP THE ORGANS & CELLS FUNCTIONING CORRECTLY.
 CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
30 COMPRESSIONS: 2 RESCUE BREATHS @
RATE OF 100-120 COMPRESSIONS PER MINUTE
DEPTH = 1/3 OF CHEST WALL
5 CYCLES IN 2 MINUTES (COUNT
COMPRESSIONS & CYCLES OUT LOUD)
PLACE THE HEAL OF ONE HAND ON THE
LOWER PART OF THE CASUALTY’S
PLACE THE OTHER HAND ON TOP,
STERNUM
INTERLOCKING FINGERS AROUND WRIST
BOTH ARMS SHOULD REMAIN LOCKED
MINIMISE INTERRUPTIONS TO WITH BODYWEIGHT OVER CASUALTY
COMPRESSIONS (QUICK RESCUE BREATHS, NO
PULSE CHECKS) APPROXIMATELY 50% PRESSURE FOR
RATIO OF COMPRESSIONS TO RESCUE CHILDREN & TWO FINGERS FOR INFANTS
BREATHS REMAIN THE SAME REGARDLESS OF (UNDER 12 MONTHS)
AGE

CONTINUE UNTIL PERSON IS RESPONSIVE OR NORMAL BREATHING RETURNS, YOU’RE EXHAUSTED, THE SITUATION
BECOMES DANGEROUS OR SOMEONE MORE QUALIFIED TAKES OVER.
 AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR (AED)

IF CASUALTY IS UNRESPONSIVE & REMOVE THESE ITEMS FROM THE

NOT BREATHING NORMALLY, FIND CHEST BEFORE USE:
AN AED! 1. SHIRT
2. HAIR
THE AED IS ESSENTIALLY 3. METAL (UNDERWIRE BRA &
REBOOTING THE HEART (NSR, VT, VF NECKLACE)
& ASYSTOLE) 4. MOISTURE
FOR INFANTS & SMALL CHILDREN:
USE PAEDIATRIC PADS OR ADULT
PADS FRONT & BACK PACEMAKER/INTERNAL
DEFIBRILLATOR: PADS SHOULD BE
SWITCH ON & FOLLOW THE VOICE PLACED AT LEAST 8CM FROM THE
PROMPTS (DO NOT TOUCH DEVICE
CASUALTY DURING ANALYSIS OR THE AED WILL REASSESS THE
SHOCK) CASUALTY EVERY TWO MINUTES.
DON’T TURN IT OFF!
AN AED BATTERY WILL LAST FOR APPROXIMATELY 4 YEARS. ALWAYS CHECK THE LED LIGHT TO
ENSURE THE BATTERY IS STILL ACTIVE. THE USE BY DATE ON THE PADS SHOULD ALSO BE
REGULARLY CHECKED.
 FINAL PRACTICAL
TEST

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE JUST LEARNED

TO COMPLETE FIVE CYCLES OF 30
COMPRESSIONS & 2 RESCUE BREATHS
ON AN ADULT, CHILD & INFANT.
 FINAL PRACTICAL
TEST

LOOK,
CHECK THE LISTEN & APPLY A
START CPR
AIRWAY & FEEL FOR DEFIBRILLA
(HEAD TILT)
CLEAR NORMAL TOR
BREATHING

1. WHEN COMPLETING TWO PERSON CPR, ENSURE THERE IS A FULL HEAD TILT ON ANY PATIENT OVER 12
MONTHS OF AGE.
2. WHEN USING TRAINING DEFIBRILLATORS, ENSURE THE MACHINE IS SWITCHED ON WITHOUT THE
PADS PLUGGED IN.
3. MINIMISE INTERRUPTIONS TO COMPRESSIONS.
 PRACTICAL QUIZ
START CPR & APPLY A DEFIBRILLATOR ________ BLEEDING & THE ________, TAKE
1 WHEN SOMEONE IS ____________ & ____ 6 PRECEDENCE OVER A SPINAL INJURY.
_________ NORMALLY.

WHAT ARE THE FOUR ITEMS YOU SHOULD THE DEPTH OF COMPRESSIONS SHOULD BE
2 REMOVE BEFORE USING THE 7 _______ OF THE DEPTH OF THE CHEST.
DEFIBRILLATOR?

WHAT IS THE BEST TREATMENT FOR AN ALWAYS RAISE THE _________ FOR
3 UNRESPONSIVE CASUALTY WHO IS 8 PREGNANT WOMEN.
BREATHING NORMALLY?

WHAT POSITION SHOULD THE HEAD BE IN WHAT DO THE LETTERS ‘ABCD’ STAND
4 WHEN CONDUCTING AN INITIAL AIRWAY 9 FOR IN THE BASIC LIFE SUPPORT CHAIN?
ASSESSMENT?

HOW DO YOU PERFORM RESCUE ____ COMPRESSIONS : ____ RESCUE BREATHS

5 BREATHS ON AN INFANT? 10 @ ____ CYCLES IN ____ MINUTES.
 TRAUMATIC EVENTS

AFTER A TRAUMATIC EVENT, IT’S NORMAL TO FEEL DISTRESSED OR

OVERWHELMED.

WHERE TO SEEK HELP:

• YOUR DOCTOR
• COUNSELLOR OR PSYCHOLOGIST
• LIFELINE (13 11 14)
• FAMILY, FRIENDS OR COLLEAGUES

AFTER A TRAUMATIC EVENT IN THE WORKPLACE, IT’S IMPORTANT TO DEBRIEF AS A TEAM &
REGULARLY CHECK IN WITH YOUR COLLEAGUES.
 LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS

NO ‘GOOD SAMARITAN’ IN FIRST AIDERS NEED TO BE THIS CPR CERTIFICATION

AUSTRALIA HAS EVER AWARE OF THEIR OWN NEEDS TO BE RENEWED
BEEN SUCCESSFULLY SKILLS & THE EVERY 12 MONTHS
SUED FOR RENDERING LIMITATIONS THAT THESE
ASSISTANCE TO A PERSON SKILLS IMPOSE.
IN NEED.

IN A WORKPLACE, THERE IS AN IF YOU DO STOP TO

AUTOMATIC DUTY OF CARE TO RENDER ASSISTANCE, YOU
PROVIDE HELP TO CUSTOMERS ASSUME A DUTY OF CARE
& OTHER STAFF MEMBERS, TO ACT IN A COMPETENT
WITHIN YOUR CAPABILITIES. MANNER.
 BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
D DANGER (IS ANYONE AT THE SCENE IN DANGER? USE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT)
R RESPONSE (IS THE PERSON CONSCIOUS OR UNCONSCIOUS? TEST BY USING TALK &
TOUCH)
S SEND FOR HELP (AUSTRALIA: 000, OVERSEAS: 112, ADVICE: 13HEALTH, POISONS: 13 11 26)

A AIRWAY (NEUTRAL POSITION WHILE CHECKING. IF THERE IS AN OBSTRUCTION, TURN

INTO RECOVERY)
B BREATHING (LOOK, LISTEN & FEEL. BREATHING NORMALLY > RECOVERY, NOT
BREATHING NORMALLY > CPR)
C CPR (30 COMPRESSIONS:2 RESCUE BREATHS @ 5 CYCLES IN 2 MINUTES)

D DEFIBRILLATION (USE AS SOON AS AVAILABLE, ATTACH PADS TO CASUALTY, FOLLOW

PROMPTS)
DRSABCD SHOULD BE FOLLOWED THROUGHOUT EVERY MEDICAL EMERGENCY OR FIRST AID SITUATION.
NOTE: LIFE THREATENING BLEEDING TAKES PRIORITY OVER AIRWAY & BREATHING INTERVENTIONS.
 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PAIN

A BUILDER AGED 29 CAME TO THE ACCIDENT

DISTRACTING
AND EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT AFTER LANDING INJURY
ON A 15 CM NAIL. AS THE SMALLEST
MOVEMENT OF THE NAIL WAS EXTREMELY
PAINFUL HE WAS SEDATED WITH FENTANYL AND
MIDAZOLAM. THE NAIL WAS THEN PULLED OUT
FROM BELOW. WHEN HIS BOOT WAS REMOVED
A MIRACULOUS CURE APPEARED TO HAVE
TAKEN PLACE. DESPITE ENTERING PROXIMAL TO
THE STEEL TOECAP THE NAIL HAD PENETRATED
BETWEEN THE TOES: THE FOOT WAS ENTIRELY
UNINJURED.

PAIN CAN BE FELT EVEN WHEN THERE IS NO INJURY PRESENT.

 RED FLAGS

CHEST PAIN
‘THUNDERCLAP’ HEADACHE
SUDDEN LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
VISIBLE ARTERIAL BLEEDING
SHORTNESS OF BREATH https://youtu.be/q0bHwMayCJY
USE OF ACCESSORY MUSCLES https://youtu.be/sRkeoNU1Qak
OBSTRUCTIVE BREATHING SOUNDS https://soundcloud.com/luke-ryan-145374841
CYANOSIS https://images.app.goo.gl/jKesHKN2xi7i7JEd6
FAST SPREADING RASH https://images.app.goo.gl/cdYSGXKGDTQ8sfL29
LOSS OF COORDINATION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2EZqnmxWyAY
 FIRST AID SUPPLIES
THE ISLAND DRESSING COMBINES A PAD WITH A SOFT &
ISLAND CONFORMABLE FIXATIVE LAYER FOR THE SIMPLE & EFFECTIVE
DRESSING MANAGEMENT OF LARGER WOUNDS, ABRASIONS & SUTURED
WOUNDS.
THE COMBINE DRESSING (STERILE) FOR MODERATE TO
IS RECOMMENDED
COMBINE SEVERE BLEEDING. THIS IS A STERILE DRESSING WHICH IS USED TO
DRESSING APPLY PRESSURE TO THE WOUND. ENSURE THE SIZE OF THE
COMBINE, MATCHES THE WOUND.
NORMAL SALINE IS A SAFE & TRUSTED CLEANSING REMEDY FOR
SALINE CLEANING CONTAMINENTS FROM EYES & WOUNDS. CAN ALSO BE
USED TO TREAT BURNS.
STERI-STRIP SKIN CLOSURES ARE REINFORCED STRIPS OF MICROPOROUS MATERIAL
STERI-STRIP FOR FAST, EFFECTIVE WOUND CLOSURE. USED TO TREAT LACERATIONS. TIP: USE
FORCEPS TO APPLY. (STERILE)

SPLINTER THESE ARE STERILE AND IDEAL FOR REMOVING SPLINTERS, WITH THE ASSISTANCE
PROBES OF TWEEZERS.
 SHOCK

SHOCK IS A LIFE- FOUR MAIN CAUSES INCLUDE: SYMPTOMS INCLUDE:

THREATENING CATEGORIES: BLOOD LOSS, BURNS, PALE, COOL &
CONDITION WHERE 1. HYPOVOLAEMIC HEART CONDITIONS, CLAMMY SKIN,
THERE IS INADEQUATE 2. CARDIOGENIC PULMONARY DIZZINESS,
DELIVERY OF OXYGEN 3. OBSTRUCTIVE EMBOLISM & BREATHING
TO THE TISSUES 4. DISTRIBUTIVE ANAPHYLAXIS DIFFICULTES &
CONFUSION

CONSCIOUS: SUPINE POSTION

UNCONSCIOUS: RECOVERY
1 2 TREAT REVERSIBLE CAUSES
POSITION
3 MAINTAIN BODY
TEMPERATURE

DON’T UNDERESTIMATE THE POWER OF GRAVITY IN ENSURING BLOOD FLOW TO THE BRAIN.
 ASTHMA - STATISTICS

2.5 MILLION
AUSTRALIANS
HAVE ASTHMA

APPROXIMATELY
419 DEATHS DUE
8 AUSTRALIANS
TO ASTHMA IN
DIE DUE TO
2014
ASTHMA EACH
(AUSTRALIA)
WEEK

ASTHMA IS A BREATHING DISORDER OF THE SMALLER AIRWAYS OF THE LUNGS.

 LEARN FROM FATALATIES

USING RELIEVER MEDICATION (SALBUTAMOL I.E. VENTOLIN) MORE THAN TWICE PER WEEK (EXCEPT IN
EXERCISE-INDUCED ASTHMA) SUGGESTED THE PERSON NEEDED PREVENTER MEDICATION INSTEAD.

PREVENTERS ARE ONE OF THE FEW EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR MODERATE AND SEVERE ASTHMA AND
ARE HIGHLY RECOMMENDED AS A PREVENTATIVE STRATEGY FOR ALL BUT THE MILDEST FORMS OF ASTHMA.

IT WAS UNCLEAR WHETHER ANY OF THE DECEASED RESORTED TO THE ‘FOUR BY FOUR BY FOUR’ ASTHMA
FIRST AID TREATMENT PLAN.

ALWAYS USE A SPACER! SPACERS IMPROVE THE DELIVERY OF THE SALBUTAMOL INTO THE LUNGS & PREVENT
THE MEDICATION FROM SETTLING IN THE MOUTH OR THROAT (WHERE IT CAN LEAD TO IRRITATION.)

TEN VICTORIANS TRAGICALLY LOST THEIR LIVES FROM THE THUNDERSTORM ASTHMA EPIDEMIC IN 2016. THEIR AGES
RANGED BETWEEN 18 AND 57.
 ASTHMA - TRIGGERS

ALLERGENS
BRONCHIAL INFECTION
COLD AIR
DRUGS (NSAIDS)
EXERCISE
FOODS
GASTRO-OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX
HORMONES (PREGNANCY)
IRRITANTS
JOB

IF POSSIBLE, REMOVE THE CASUALTY FROM THE TRIGGER BEFORE TREATMENT.

 ASTHMA - SYMPTOMS

SHORTNESS OF BREATH
WHEEZING
CHEST TIGHTNESS
BLUE LIPS
INABILITY TO SPEAK
PALE
SWEATY SKIN
DISTRESSED
ANXIOUS
 ASTHMA - SEVERITY

WORDS WITHOUT BREATH CONDITION

FULL SENTENCE MILD

2-3 WORDS SERIOUS

UNABLE TO SPEAK SEVERE

IF THEY CAN’T SPEAK, CALL 000 IMMEDIATELY!

 ASTHMA – TREATMENT WITH
SPACER

PRIME ONE PUFF

FOUR DEEP REPEAT 4-6
SHAKE (ONE PUFF INTO
BREATHS TIMES
INTO AIR) SPACER

THIS DOSE (1 PUFF: 4 BREATHS X 4-6) OF SALBUTAMOL (VENTOLIN OR ASMOL) CAN BE DELIVERED
EVERY FOUR MINUTES.
 ANAPHYLAXIS

THE AUSTRALIAN
ANAPHYLAXIS IS THE
BUREAU OF
MOST SEVERE FORM
STATISTICS RECORDED
OF ALLERGIC REACTION
324 DEATHS FROM
& IS POTENTIALLY LIFE
ANAPHYLAXIS
THREATENING
BETWEEN 1997 & 2013

ALLERGIC REACTIONS INVOLVE ONE SYMPTOM. ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS INVOLVE

MULTIPLE SYMPTOMS, AS IT’S A SYSTEMIC REACTION.
 LEARN FROM FATALATIES

THE CORRECT USE OF AN EPIPEN: REMEMBER “BLUE TO THE SKY, ORANGE TO THE THIGH.”
ORGANISATIONS SHOULD HAVE ‘BACK UP’ EPIPENS TO ACCOUNT FOR INCORRECT
ADMINISTRATION. (INQUEST INTO DEATH OF ALEX BAPTIST)

MONITOR EPIPEN EXPIRY DATES: AN INQUEST INTO THE DEATH OF RUTH HICKEY IN
SEPTEMBER 2014, FOUND THAT AN EPIPEN WHICH HAD EXPIRED IN JUNE 2014 WAS
ADMINISTERED WITH NO EFFECT.
CALL FOR AN AMBULANCE IMMEDIATELY: THIS IS A COMMON THEME IN MULTIPLE
INQUESTS INTO DEATH FROM ANAPHYLAXIS. THE AVERAGE AMBULANCE RESPONSE TIME
FOR THE GOLD COAST IS APPROXIMATELY 8-16 MINUTES FOR A CODE 1 EMERGENCY.

THE ALLERGEN MINIMISATION CONCEPT: PEOPLE WHO SUFFER FROM ANAPHYLAXIS ARE
DEPENDANT UPON OTHERS TO ENSURE EXPOSURE TO AN ALLERGEN DOES NOT OCCUR. THIS
IS ALSO A COMMON THEME ACROSS MULTIPLE INQUESTS.
 ANAPHYLAXIS - TRIGGERS

PEANUTS MEDICATION SESAME SHELL INSECT BITES EGGS

S FISH

TREE NUTS MILK FISH SOY LATEX

MEDICATIONS ARE THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF ANAPHYLAXIS IN ADULTS.

PEANUTS ARE THE MOST COMMON TRIGGER IN CHILDREN. (RACGP)
 ANAPHYLAXIS - MILD TO MODERATE
REACTIONS

SYMPTOMS INCLUDE: FLUSHING OF SKIN, HIVES, SWELLING, ITCHINESS, NAUSEA, VOMITING,

DIARRHOEA, ABDOMINAL CRAMPING, IMPENDING DOOM, DIZZINESS, COUGHING & SHORTNESS
OF BREATH.
 ANAPHYLAXIS - MODERATE TO SEVERE
REACTIONS

IF AN ALLERGIC REACTION OR ANAPHYLAXIS HAS OCCURRED FROM AN INSECT ALLERGY,

IMMEDIATELY REMOVE THE STING.
 ANAPHYLAXIS -
EPIPENS
BLUE TO
THE SKY

ORANGE
TO THE
THIGH

ADRENALINE SHOULD BE STORED BELOW 25’C. ALWAYS CHECK THAT IT’S CLEAR & NOT BROWN
OR CLOUDY. THE USE BY DATE IS GENERALLY 1-2 YEARS.
 ANAPHYLAXIS -
EPIPENS
(Recommendation from The Australian Resuscitation Council Guidelines)

<5 >5
YEARS YEARS
OF AGE OF AGE

0.15MG INJECTION 0.3 MG INJECTION

(GREEN EPIPEN) (YELLOW EPIPEN)

ANAPHYLAXIS GENERALLY HAS A RAPID ONSET & CAN OCCUR WITHIN MINUTES AFTER EXPOSURE
TO THE TRIGGER.
 ANAPHYLAXIS -
TREATMENT
1 PLACE THE PATIENT IN THE RECOVERY POSITION. ENSURE THEY HAVE AN OPEN AIRWAY.

2 INJECT SUITABLE EPIPEN INTO OUTER MID-THIGH. (DO NOT STAB THE PATIENT)

CONSIDER THE USE OF ANTI-HISTAMINES (AS PER ACTION PLAN), BLUE ASTHMA RELIEVER
3 WITH SPACER & THE INJECTION OF A SECOND EPIPEN AFTER FIVE MINUTES (IF REQUIRED)
 • ALLERGY PAL ALLOWS USERS TO
ENTER, TRACK & MANAGE THE EXPIRY
DATES OF EPIPEN’S
• ALLOWS EASY STORAGE OF ACTION
PLAN
• THE ‘SHARE’ FUNCTION ALLOWS THE
INFORMATION WITHIN THE APP TO BE
SENT VIA SMS
• THE ‘REACT NOW’ FUNCTION ASSISTS
WITH SYMPTOMS & TREATMENT
• CAN BE USED FOR MULTIPLE CHILDREN
 MULTIPLE CASUALTIES

SEVERE MODERATE
UNCONSCIO WALKING OBVIOUS
BLEEDING BLEEDING
US WOUNDED DEATH
>1 LITRE <1 LITRE

“THE MOST GOOD FOR THE MOST PEOPLE”

 HEART CONDITIONS

UNSTABLE HEART ATTACK

STABLE ANGINA
ANGINA (MI)
CHEST PAIN CHEST PAIN WHICH OCCURS WHEN
WHICH OCCURS OCCURS WITH OR THERE IS A
WITH PHYSICAL WITHOUT BLOCKAGE OF AN
ACTIVITY DUE TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
ARTERY THAT
POOR DUE TO POOR
OXYGENATION. OXYGENATION. SUPPLIES BLOOD
GENERALLY REST MAY NOT TO THE HEART
IMPROVES WITH IMPROVE THE PAIN. (CORONARY
REST. ARTERY).
HEART CELL
HEART CELL HYPOXIA
HYPOXIA HEART CELL
NO CELL DEATH
NO CELL DEATH HYPOXIA
“IN AUSTRALIA, MEN DIE FROM HEART DISEASE AT A RATE AROUND TWICE
CELL THAT OF WOMEN,
DEATH
WITH THIS SEX BIAS BEING CONSISTENT OVER TIME.” (SOURCE: AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF
STATISTICS)
 WHAT ARE
THE
SYMPTOMS OF
A HEART
ATTACK?
 SYMPTOMS OF A HEART ATTACK

ALTHOUGH ASPIRIN (300mg)

CHEST PAIN IS A PALE DIZZY SHOULD BE GIVEN
COMMON TO THE
SYMPTOM OF A SHORT OF BREATH BACK OR NECK PAIN CONSCIOUS
HEART ATTACK, CASUALY WITH
SOME PEOPLE SYMPTOMS OF A
WILL NOT TINGLING/PAIN IN JAW OR ARMS HEART ATTACK.
EXPERIENCE ANY DISSOLVABLE
CHEST PAIN AT ASPIRIN IS
ALL. HEART CRUSHING CHEST PAIN PREFERRED. ONLY
ATTACK WARNING WITHOLD IF THE
SIGNS VARY. COLD SWEAT VICTIM IS KNOWN
REMEMBER, IT’S TO BE
ALWAYS OKAY TO ANAPHYLACTIC TO
CALL 000! NAUSEA ASPIRIN.
 STROKE /TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC
ATTACK

FACE ASSYMETERY > TONGUE/UVULA > SPEECH

ARMS POWER > COORDINATION > SENSATION

LEGS POWER > COORDINATION > SENSATION

EMERGENCY ANY CONCERNS, CALL 000

 MINOR BLEEDING

ABRASION / LACERATION

● APPLY DIRECT PRESSURE TO

STOP THE BLEEDING
● WASH THE WOUND WITH
EITHER WATER OR NORMAL
SALINE (0.9% SODIUM
CHLORIDE)
● USE STERILE GAUZE TO CLEAN
THE WOUND
● COVER WITH A NON-STICK
DRESSING I.E. BAND AID OR
ISLAND DRESSING
 MINOR BLEEDING

NOSE BLEED

● PINCH SOFT PART OF NOSE

● STAY SEATED & LEAN
FORWARD
● BREATHE THROUGH MOUTH
● SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION IF
BLEEDING FOR MORE THAN 20
MINS
● ICE ON THE FRONT & BACK OF
THE HEAD CAN CONSTRICT
THE BLOOD VESSELS & HELP
TO CONTROL THE BLEEDING
 MAJOR BLEEDING

1. DIRECT PRESSURE
● APPLY DIRECT PRESSURE
WITH PAD ON OR NEAR THE
WOUND UNTIL BLEEDING
STOPS
● APPLY BANDAGE OVER THE
PAD USING A 360’ TWIST OF
THE BANDAGE TO FORM AN
‘X’ OVER THE WOUND
● IF BLEEDING CONTINUES,
APPLY ANOTHER PAD WITH
A TIGHTER DRESSING
● RESTRICT MOVEMENT

HAEMORRAGE CONTROL IS ALL ABOUT PRESSURE, NOT ABSORPTION. DO NOT USE TAMPONS,
TOWELS OR NAPPIES TO STOP BLEEDING. THESE ITEMS ABSORB BLOOD. IF YOU HAVE NO
EQUIPMENT, USE YOUR HAND.
 MAJOR BLEEDING

2. ARTERIAL
TOURNIQUET
● USED FOR LIFE
THREATENING ARTERIAL
BLEEDING
● 5CM BANDAGE
APPROXIMATELY 5-7CM
ABOVE THE WOUND BUT NOT
ON A JOINT
● USE A WINDLASS DEVICE
● TIGHTEN UNTIL BLEEDING
STOPS (CHECK PULSE)
● THE TIME OF APPLICATION
SHOULD BE NOTED &
COMMUNICATED TO
PARAMEDICS
TOURNIQUET’S CAN ONLY BE USED ON THE ARMS & LEGS.
 MAJOR BLEEDING

AMPUTATIONS
● KEEP SEVERED LIMBS COOL
& DRY
● RESEALABLE BAGS & CLING
WRAP ARE GREAT ITEMS TO
PROTECT THE LIMB
● AS A GENERAL RULE OF
THUMB, ANY TRAUMATIC
AMPUTATION ABOVE THE
KNEE OR ELBOW WILL
MOST LIKELY REQUIRE AN
ARTERIAL TOURNIQUET.
HOWEVER, ALWAYS TRY
DIRECT PRESSURE FIRST
LIGHTLY COVER ANY PROTUDING INTESTINES OR ORGANS WITH CLING WRAP OR ALTERNATIVELY
APPLY A SALINE COVERED TRAUMA PAD.
 INTERNAL
BLEEDING
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
● BRUISING, PAIN,
TENDERNESS OR SWELLING
AT THE SITE
● BRIGHT RED &/OR FROTHY
BLOOD COUGHED UP FROM
THE LUNGS
● VOMITED BLOOD WHICH
MAY APPEAR BRIGHT RED
OR AS DARK BROWN
‘COFFEE GROUNDS’
● BLOOD-STAINED URINE
● RECTAL OR GENITAL
BLEEDING
CALL AN AMBULANCE, LIE THE VICTIM DOWN & KEEP THEM WARM.
 HOW TO ESTIMATE BLOOD
LOSS

THE MAR METHOD WAS CREATED USING A FIST TO COVER A SURFACE AREA OF BLOOD THAT
EQUALS 20ML. HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK IS CAUSED FROM A LOSS OF 20% OF THE BODY’S BLOOD OR
FLUID SUPPLY. THE AVERAGE ADULT BODY WILL CONTAIN APPROXIMATELY 5 LITRES OF BLOOD.
 CRUSH SYNDROME

CRUSH SYNDROME IS A SYSTEMIC CONDITION CAUSED BY MUSCLE CELL

DAMAGE RESULTING FROM THE PRESSURE APPLIED TO THE SKELETAL MUSCLE.

CRUSH SYNDROME IS A REPERFUSION INJURY. THE RELEASE OF POTASSIUM,

MYOGLOBIN & OTHER TOXINS CAN CAUSE RENAL FAILURE, SHOCK,
DYSRHYTHMIAS & DEATH.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRUSH SYNDROME IS TIME & PRESSURE DEPENDENT
(GENERALLY >1 HOUR)
IF IT IS SAFE TO DO SO, ALL CRUSHING FORCES SHOULD BE REMOVED FROM
THE VICTIM AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. ALWAYS BE PREPARED FOR MAJOR
BLEEDING.
CRUSH INJURIES WHERE THE FORCE IS APPLIED TO THE HEAD, NECK, CHEST OR
ABDOMEN CAN CAUSE DEATH FROM BREATHING OR HEART FAILURE & SHOULD
BE REMOVED PROMPTLY.

CRUSH SYNDROME OCCURS IN NATURAL DISASTERS, INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS, CAR

ACCIDENTS & COULD EVEN BE CAUSED BY THE VICTIM’S OWN BODYWEIGHT.
 NEEDLE STICK INJURIES

WASH AFFECTED AREA IN WARM SOAPY WATER & PLACE THE NEEDLE EITHER IN A SHARPS
CONTAINER OR A WATER BOTTLE. THERE IS NO NEED TO TAKE THE NEEDLE TO THE HOSPITAL. SEEK
IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE.
 ALCOHOL & DRUG USE

CONSTRICTED PUPILS DILATED PUPILS

• OPIATES & OPIOIDS (HEROIN, • COCAINE (RISK OF MYOCARDIAL INJURY)
MORPHINE, METHADONE & • AMPHETAMINES
FENTANYL)

13 11 26
&/OR
000

A PERSON WHO APPEARS TO BE INTOXICATED MAY INSTEAD BE SUFFERING FROM A HEAD INJURY,
STROKE, HYPOGLYCAEMIA OR OTHER MEDICAL CONDITIONS.
 LIMB ASSESSMENT

1. LOOK 2. FEEL 3. MOVE

● COMPARE ONE ● COMPARE ONE ● THE FULL RANGE

SIDE WITH THE SIDE WITH THE OF MOTION
OTHER, OTHER, SHOULD BE
CHECKING FOR CHECKING FOR ASSESSED.
SYMMETRY. DIFFERENCES
● TAKE NOTE OF INCLUDING ● A LOSS OF
BRUISING, TENDERNESS, MOVEMENT
SWELLING &/OR DEFORMITY & SHOULD BE
DEFORMITY. SWELLING.
RECORDED AS
MILD, MODERATE
OR SEVERE.
“AS A GENERAL RULE, WHEN TREATING A CASUALTY WITH A FRACTURE & THE PARAMEDICS ARE LESS THAN
30 MINUTES AWAY, YOU MAY NOT NEED TO SPLINT THE FRACTURE. SIMPLY SUPPORT THE INJURY IN THE
POSITION FOUND.”
QUEENSLAND AMBULANCE SERVICE
 SOFT TISSUE INJURIES & FRACTURES

SPRAIN STRAIN DISLOCATION FRACTURES

● OVER EXTENSION ● OVER ● DISPLACEMENT ● CLOSED: BONE

OF A JOINT WITH STRETCHING OF BONE ENDS IN DOESN’T
STRETCHING & WITH TEARING A JOINT PENETRATE SKIN
TEARING OF OF MUSCLE ● OPEN: BONE
LIGAMENTS TISSUES & PENETRATES THE
TENDONS SKIN
● COMPLICATED:
VITAL ORGANS,
NERVES OR
VESSELS ARE
DAMAGED

IF IN DOUBT, ALWAYS TREAT AS A SUSPECTED FRACTURE!

 SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

REST PREVENTS FURTHER DAMAGE AND REDUCES BLEEDING.

REDUCES THE PAIN AND SWELLING BY CONSTRICTING THE BLOOD

ICE VESSELS. APPLY FOR APPROXIMATELY 15 MINUTES AND DO NOT
PLACE DIRECTLY ON THE SKIN.

COMPRESS APPLY A FIRM BANDAGE TO SUPPORT THE AREA.

RAISE THE LIMB ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE HEART. THIS SLOWS
ELEVATE THE BLOOD AND REDUCES THE INFLAMMATION.

ALWAYS REFER TO THE DOCTOR IN CASE THE INJURY IS MORE

REFER SERIOUS THAN ORIGINALLY SUSPECTED.
SUSPECTED FRACTURES OR
DISLOCATIONS
 PRACTICAL
QUIZ
1 _________ TO THE SKY, __________ TO THE THIGH.

2 WHAT IS THE ACRONYM TO REMEMBER THE SIGNS OF A

STROKE?

3 WHAT WOULD YOU DO IF YOU HAD A NOSEBLEED?

4 WHAT IS THE FIRST STEP TO CONTROL MAJOR

BLEEDING?

_________, PRIME, _____ PUFF INTO SPACER, TAKE _______ DEEP

5 BREATHS, REPEAT _______ TIMES. THIS DOSE CAN BE DELIVERED
EVERY ______ MINUTES.
 BITES & STINGS
PRESSURE ICE

-SNAKE
-FUNNEL WEB -RED BACK
SPIDER SPIDER
-CONE SHELL -BEES
-BLUE-RINGED -WASPS
OCTOPUS -ANTS

-BLUEBOTTLE -BOX JELLY

-STINGRAY FISH
-STONEFISH -IRUKANDJI
JELLY FISH

HOT WATER VINEGAR

THE HIGHEST RISK OF DEATH FROM BITES & STINGS ARE THE YOUNG, ELDERLY & ILL.
 PRESSURE IMMOBILISATION
BANDAGE

IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION IS REQUIRED FOR THESE BITES & STINGS.

 PRESSURE IMMOBILISATION: QUICK TIPS

DO NOT MOVE THE PERSON

UNLESS IN IMMEDIATE
DANGER
DO NOT CUT OR MAKE AN INCISION IN
THE BITE
DO NOT SUCK VENOM FROM THE
BITE
DO NOT USE A
TOURNIQUET
DO NOT WASH THE
BITE SITE
DO NOT KILL THE ANIMAL AS
IDENTIFICATION IS MADE FROM A
BLOOD TEST OR VENOM ON THE SKIN,
NOT FROM THE ANIMAL ITSELF

THE AIM OF THE PRESSURE IMMOBILISATION TECHNIQUE IS TO COMPRESS LYMPHATIC TISSUES IN

THE AREA OF THE ENVENOMATION, TO PREVENT ANY SPREAD OF THE VENOM.
 PRESSURE IMMOBILISATION TECHNIQUE

1. USE A NON-STICK DRESSING TO COVER THE BITE SITE.

2. APPLY AN ELASTIC BANDAGE FROM THE TOES/FINGERS UPWARDS, COVERING THE
ENTIRE LIMB.
3. MARK THE BITE SITE.
4. APPLY A SPLINT TO LIMIT MOVEMENT.
DO NOT WASH THE BITE SITE & ALWAYS CHECK FOR CAPILLARY REFILL!
 ICE

TREAT THESE BITES & STINGS WITH ICE TO ALLEVIATE PAIN. MEDICAL ATTENTION MAY BE
REQUIRED.
 HOT WATER

HEAT (42’C – 45’C) DEACTIVATES THE THERMOSENSETIVE PROTEINS IN THE VENOM.

WHERE HOT WATER IS NOT READILY AVAILABLE, HEAT PACKS CAN BE USED. MEDICAL
ATTENTION MAY BE REQUIRED.
 VINEGAR

IMMEDIATELY DOUSE THE STING AREA WITH VINEGAR FOR AT LEAST 30 SECONDS. DO NOT
RUB THE STING AREA. IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION IS REQUIED FOR THESE BITES &
STINGS.
 TICKS
FREEZE DON’T
SQUEEZE!
TICK BITES CAN
CAUSE MILD TO
LIFE-
THREATENING
ALLERGIC
REACTIONS TO
MAMMALIAN
MEATS SUCH AS
BEEF, PORK,
LAMB,
KANGAROO,
GOAT AND
VENISON.
FOR SMALL TICKS, USE PERMETHRIN CREAM. FOR ADULT TICKS, FREEZE THEM WITH AN ETHER-
CONTAINING SPRAY (AVAILABLE AT PHARMACIES).
 EYE INJURY
USE GENTLE WATER PRESSURE OR 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE (SALINE) TO
FOREIGN BODY IRRIGATE THE EYE/S. WORK FROM THE INSIDE TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE EYE.
ROUTINE PADDING OF THE EYES IS NO LONGER RECOMMENDED.

LEAVE PENETRATING OBJECT IN PLACE & PROTECT THE EYE WITH A RAISED
PENETRATING
SHIELD E.G. A PLASTIC CUP. DO NOT PAD THE EYE. THE PREFFERED
INJURY POSITIONING IS SUPINE WITH HEAD ELEVATED. SEEK URGENT MEDICAL
ATTENTION.

CHEMICAL USE GENTLE WATER PRESSURE OR 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE (SALINE) TO

EXPOSURE IRRIGATE THE EYE/S. WORK FROM THE INSIDE TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE EYE.
SEEK URGENT MEDICAL ATTENTION.

THE EYE IS THE ONLY ORGAN TO UTILISE OXYGEN FROM THE AIR. BE CAREFUL OF CONTACT
LENSES WHICH HAVE BEEN IN FOR TOO LONG.
 PRACTICAL QUIZ
1 WHAT IS THE SUGGESTED TREATMENT FOR A BOX
JELLYFISH STING?

2 WHEN TREATING MULTIPLE CASUALTIES, WHAT TYPE OF CASUALTY

TAKES PRIORITY?

3 WHAT IS THE BEST TREATMENT FOR A SPRAINED ANKLE?

4 LIST FIVE POTENTIAL SYMPTOMS OF A HEART ATTACK.

5 WHAT IS THE SUGGESTED TREATMENT FOR A

BLUEBOTTLE STING?
THE SILENT KILLER

USE GRAVITY TO
YOUR ADVANTAGE

REMEMBER: ABCD

USE GRAVITY TO YOUR ADVANTAGE REPEAT IF REQUIRED

 BURNS
1 COOL THE AFFECTED AREA WITH RUNNING WATER FOR 20 MINUTES (USE HYDROGEL IF WATER
IS UNAVAILABLE)

2 REMOVE ANY JEWELLERY OR CLOTHING FROM THE AFFECTED AREA WITHOUT CAUSING
FURTHER TISSUE DAMAGE

IF POSSIBLE, ELEVATE THE LIMB TO MINIMISE SWELLING & COVER THE AFFECTED AREA WITH
3 CLING WRAP (EXCEPT WHEN CAUSED BY CHEMICALS)

SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION IF THE BURN IS LARGER THAN THE CASUALTY’S HAND, CAUSED BY
4 CHEMICALS OR AFFFECTING A SENSITIVE AREA OF THE BODY. ALTERNATIVELY, REMEMBER
THE RULE OF 9’S WHICH RELATES TO THE CHANCE OF LIFE-THREATENING COMPLICATIONS.

• DO NOT APPLY MAYONNAISE, BUTTER OR ANY INFECTION TARGETED LOTIONS TO

THE BURN.
• DO NOT USE ICE OR ICE WATER TO COOL THE BURN.
• DO NOT BREAK BLISTERS.
“ALWAYS SUSPECT BURNS TO THE AIRWAY WHEN THERE ARE BURNS TO THE FACE”
ANTHONY FOLLIOTT (QAS PARAMEDIC)
 HEAT RELATED
CONDITIONS
HEAT EXHAUSTION
• FEELING FAINT OR DIZZY
• EXCESSIVE SWEATING
• COOL, PALE &/OR CLAMMY SKIN
• NAUSEA &/OR VOMITING
HEAT STROKE
• NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION
• RAPID RISE IN BODY TEMPERATURE
• SWEATING USUALLY STOPS
• BODY BEGINS TO SHUTDOWN

TREATMENT TREATMENT
• APPLY COLD PACKS TO: • STRIP EXCESS CLOTHING
• NECK • SOAK WITH ANY AVAILABLE WATER
• ARMPITS • FAN VIGOROUSLY
• WRISTS • CALL 000
• COLD ORAL HYDRATION IF CONSCIOUS
• GROIN
• COLD ORAL HYDRATION IF CONSCIOUS

“EVERY EXTRA MINUTE WHERE YOU FAIL TO RECOGNISE THE SYMPTOMS OF HEAT STROKE, WORSENS THE
OUTCOME.” PROFESSOR IAN ROGERS AT THE INQUEST OF TORRAN THOMAS (15 YEARS OLD, 2015)
 DIABETES
HYPOGLYCAEMIA (LOW BLOOD HYPERGLYCAEMIA (HIGH BLOOD
SUGAR) SUGAR)
RECOGNITION: SWEATING, CONFUSION, RECOGNITION: EXCESSIVE THIRST,
PALE SKIN, SHAKING &/OR DIZZY. (BGL LESS FREQUENT URINATION, AGITATED, FRUITY
THAN 4 mmol/L) SMELL ON BREATH
MANAGEMENT: MANAGEMENT:
1. STOP ANY EXERCISE & REST
2. IF THE VICTIM IS CONSCIOUS & CAN 1. FOLLOW VICTIM’S MANAGEMENT PLAN
SAFELY SWALLOW, ADMINISTER: 2. IF THE VICTIM DOES NOT HAVE A MANAGEMENT
• SOFT DRINK E.G. LEMONADE PLAN, THEY SHOULD BE ASSESSED BY A MEDICAL
• FRUIT JUICE E.G. APPLE JUICE PROFESSIONAL
3. ENCOURAGE PLENTY OF WATER & LIMIT FOOD
• GLUCOSE TABLETS 4. FOLLOW BASIC LIFE SUPPORT FLOWCHART
3. RESOLUTION OF SYMPTOMS WOULD BE
EXPECTED WITHIN 15 MINUTES
4. ONCE RECOVERED, CONSUME A
HEALTHY MEAL

IF YOU’RE UNSURE WHETHER THE BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL IS HIGH OR LOW, TREAT FOR HYPOGLYCAEMIA.
 PRACTICAL
QUIZ
LIST
1 THREE POTENTIAL SYMPTOMS OF AN ANAPHYLACTIC REACTION.

THE PRESSURE IMMOBILISATION BANDAGE SHOULD BE APPLIED WHEN

2 ENVENOMATED BY ANY __________, THE __________ ____ SPIDER, THE ______ ________
OCTOPUS OR THE _______ SHELL.

3 HOUSEHOLD __________ ARE TICK ___________! _________ DON’T ________!

ONCE A BURN HAS BEEN COOLED & IT WAS NOT CAUSED BY A CHEMICAL, ______
4 ______ SHOULD BE PLACED OVER THE BURN TO KEEP IT CLEAN & REDUCE PAIN.

5 WHAT IS THE SUGGESTED TREATMENT FOR A RED BACK

SPIDER BITE?
 ABDOMINAL PAIN
UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT UPPER LEFT QUADRANT
• LIVER • SPLEEN
• GALLBLADDER • PANCREAS
• PANCREAS • STOMACH
• STOMACH • ABDOMINAL AORTA

LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT LOWER LEFT QUADRANT

• APPENDIX • KIDNEY
• KIDNEY • INTESTINES
• INTESTINES • OVARY
• OVARY • FALLOPIAN TUBE
• FALLOPIAN TUBE • TESTICULAR TORSION
• TESTICULAR TORSION • ABDOMINAL AORTA
 SPINAL INJURY

SUSPECT A SPINAL INJURY WITH HEAD INJURIES, DIVING ACCIDENTS, CAR

ACCIDENTS, FALLS FROM A HEIGHT, SWIMMING INCIDENTS, CONTACT SPORTS
OR FALLS IN THE ELDERLY POPULATION.
SYMPTOMS INCLUDE: PAIN IN THE INJURED REGION, LOSS OF SENSATION,
PARALYSIS, NAUSEA, HEADACHE & DIZZINESS.

SIGNS INCLUDE: ALTERED CONSCIOUS STATE, HEAD/NECK IN ABNORMAL

POSITION, LOSS OF BOWEL/BLADDER CONTROL, PRIAPISM (ERECTION) &
SHOCK.
REMEMBER: AIRWAY MANAGEMENT TAKES PRECEDENCE OVER A SPINAL INJURY.

MANAGEMENT: 000, AIRWAY & BREATHING, SENSATION TEST, MANAGE SYMPTOMS

OF SHOCK & MAINTAIN SPINAL CARE.

WHAT WOULD YOU DO IF SOMEONE WALKED OVER TO YOU WITH A POTENTIAL SPINAL
INJURY?
 HEAD INJURY

MAY BE CAUSED BY FALLS, MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS, SPORTING INJURIES &

ASSAULTS.

A VICTIM CAN SUSTAIN A SIGNIFICANT HEAD INJURY WITHOUT A LOSS OF

CONSCIOUSNESS.

VICTIMS WHO HAVE SUSTAINED A HEAD INJURY, SHOULD BE ADVISED TO SEEK

MEDICAL ATTENTION.

DIAGNOSIS OF CONCUSSION IS A CLINICAL DECISION, BASED ON ASSESSMENT BY A

MEDICAL PRACTITIONER.

ALL HEAD INJURIES SHOULD BE TREATED AS A SPINAL INJURY UNTIL PROVEN

OTHERWISE.

REMEMBER THE AIRWAY TAKES PRECEDENCE OVER A SPINAL INJURY.

 HIGH RISK
VICTIMS
ANY SIGN OF SKULL FRACTURE (RACOON EYES, BATTLE SIGN OR BLOOD/FLUID
LEAKING FROM EARS &/OR NOSE.

AMNESIA BEFORE IMPACT (GENERALLY MORE THAN 30 MINUTES.)

MULTIPLE VOMITING EPISODES (GENERALLY MORE THAN TWO EPISODES.)

AGE > 60 YEARS

VICTIMS WHO ARE SEIZING, UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DRUGS/ALCOHOL OR

NEUROLOGICALLY IMPAIRED.

PLACE ANY DISLODGED TEETH BACK IN PLACE (IF POSSIBLE) OR IN MILK OR SALINE.
 HEAD INJURY
RACOON EYES BATTLE SIGN

THESE SIGNS ARE SERIOUS & REQUIRE FURTHER INVESTIGATION. THEY MAY APPEAR WITHIN
HOURS OR DAYS OF A HEAD INJURY.
 POST HEAD INJURY INSTRUCTIONS

DO NOT LET THE VICTIM OPERATE A

VEHICLE
DO NOT LEAVE THEM ALONE FOR THE NEXT
24 HOURS
USE ICE PACKS FOR SWOLLEN OR PAINFUL
AREAS
DO NOT LET THEM DRINK ALCOHOL FOR AT
LEAST 24 HOURS
IF THE VICTIM IS DISCHARGED FROM
HOSPITAL IN THE EVENING, MAKE SURE
THEY ARE WOKEN SEVERAL TIMES
DURING THE NIGHT. SET THE ALARM USE PARACETAMOL FOR MILD HEADACHES.
FOR EVERY 3 HOURS & ASSESS TO SEE IF DO NOT ADMINISTER ASPIRIN AS THIS
THEY CAN WALK & TALK. MEDICATION REDUCES PLATELET
AGGREGATION

FOR QUERIES OR ADVICE AT ANY STAGE, CALL 13 HEALTH. IN AN EMERGENCY, CALL 000.
 FAINTING VS
SEIZURES
SEIZURE SYNCOPE/FAINTING
AURA (WEIRD SMELL,
WARNING SIGNS TASTE OR FLASHING LIGHT HEADED
VISION)
GRADUAL (PREVENTED
SUDDEN & IN ANY
ONSET BY SITTING OR LYING
POSITION
WITH LEGS ELEVATED)
EYES CLOSED, LIMP &
EYES OPEN, RAPID
NORMAL
FEATURES CONTRACTIONS, TONGUE
BLADDER/BOWEL
BITING & INCONTINENCE
CONTROL

PROLONGED CONFUSION NORMAL ORIENTATION

POST EPISODE
& DISORIENTATION WITHIN 1-2 MINUTES
 SEIZURES
RECORD THE TIME IN PLACE CUSHIONING
WHICH THE SEIZURE AROUND THE CASUALTY,
BEGAN & THE TOTAL PARTICULARLY UNDER
DURATION THE HEAD
1 2 3 4
CLEAR THE TURN THE CASUALTY INTO
SURROUNDING AREA THE RECOVERY POSITION
OF ANY POTENTIAL TO PROTECT THE AIRWAY
DANGERS
NOTES
CALL 000
DO NOT RESTRAIN THE CASUALTY UNLESS IF THE CASUALTY IS UNKNOWN
THEY ARE IN POTENTIAL DANGER I.E. WATER
IF THE SEIZURE CONTINUES AFTER 5
DO NOT PLACE ANYTHING IN THEIR MINUTES OR MULTIPLE SEIZURES
MOUTH OCCUR
THE CASUALTY MAY LOSE CONTROL OF THEIR
BLADDER AND/OR BOWELS IF IT’S THE CASUALTY’S FIRST
SEIZURE
 FEBRILE
CONVULSION
CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS OF AGE CAN RECORD THE TIME IN WHICH THE
SUFFER SEIZURES DUE TO A HIGH CONVULSION BEGAN & THE TOTAL
TEMPERATURE CAUSED BY ILLNESS OR DURATION
HEAT.
CLEAR THE SURROUNDING AREA OF
ANY POTENTIAL DANGERS

SYMPTOMS: HOT & SWEATY SKIN, GENERAL TURN THE CASUALTY INTO THE
STIFFNESS, SKIN FLUSHED & BLUE LIPS RECOVERY POSITION TO PROTECT
THE AIRWAY
PLACE CUSHIONING AROUND THE
CASUALTY, PARTICULARLY UNDER
CALL 000 THE HEAD
IF THE CASUALTY IS UNKNOWN REMOVE EXCESS CLOTHING &
IF THE CONVULSION LASTS LONGER THAN 5 SLOWLY COOL USING DAMP CLOTHS
MINUTES
IF IT’S THE CASUALTY’S FIRST CONVULSION
DO YOU KNOW HOW TO SPOT A
RIP?
 PRACTICAL QUIZ

1 WHAT YOU WOULD DO IF SOMEONE HAD A SEIZURE?

2 WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD YOU ASK SOMEONE WHO HAS A SUSPECTED

SPINAL INJURY?

3 A PERSON WITH HEAT STROKE NEEDS TO BE TREATED QUICKLY. WHAT

SHOULD YOU DO?

A 20-YEAR-OLD FEMALE HAS SEVERE PAIN IN THE LOWER LEFT QUADRANT OF

4 HER ABDOMEN. SHE STATES THAT SHE COULD BE PREGNANT. WHAT SHOULD
YOU DO?

5 LIST TWO LIFE-THREATENING SIGNS WHICH COULD OCCUR

POST HEAD INJURY.
 PRACTICAL
TEST
APPLY A PRESSURE DRESSING TO A BLEED ON THE CASUALTY’S FOREARM.

APPLY A PRESSURE IMMOBILISATION BANDAGE FOR A SNAKE BITE ON THE

CASUALTY’S LEG.

ADMINISTER THE EPIPEN FOR AN ANAPHYLACTIC REACTION TO

PEANUTS.

APPLY A SLING TO THE CASUALTY’S FRACTURED ARM.

TREAT THE CASUALTY FOR CHOKING. THIS CASUALTY HAS AN INEFFECTIVE

COUGH.

PERFECT PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT!