CSPC6

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NETWORK PROTOCOL
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 Network Protocol
Network protocols are rule sets that govern how data is formatted, transmitted,
received, and processed within computer networks. These protocols facilitate
communication between devices, regardless c
of their hardware or software
variations. They manage tasks such as addressing, routing, error detection, flow
control, and security, creating a consistent framework for interoperability.
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Ultimately, network protocols ensure dependable, efficient, and secure data

exchange across diverse network environments, spanning from local area networks
to the internet.
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 Common Example of Network Protocol
1. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol):

○ The bedrock of the internet and virtually all computer networks.

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○ Organized into distinct layers, including the application layer, transport
layer, and network layer.
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○ Ensures reliable and orderly data transmission across interconnected

devices.
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 Common Example of Network Protocol
2. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):

○ Primarily employed for web communication.

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○ Operates on a client-server model, where clients (such as web browsers)
request resources from servers (web servers).
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○ Facilitates the transfer of web pages, images, videos, and other content over
the internet.
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 Common Example of Network Protocol
3. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):

○ Essential for email communication.

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○ Handles the transfer of emails between mail servers.
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○ When you send an email, SMTP ensures its delivery to the recipient’s
mailbox.
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 Common Example of Network Protocol
5. DNS (Domain Name System):

1. Resolves domain names to IP addresses.

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2. Essential for web browsing.
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3. Operates in a hierarchical structure with root servers and authoritative

servers for specific domains.
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 EXAMPLES OF
NETWORK
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PROTOCOL
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 Application Layer
• Purpose: The Application Layer houses user-friendly applications
that directly engage with people. Whether you’re browsing the web,
sending emails, or using mobile apps,
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layer.
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• Mission: It’s all about delivering services to end-users and ensuring

a smooth experience.
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 Application Layer Protocols
● HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):

• When you enter a URL (Uniform

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Resource Locator) in your
browser, HTTP springs into action.
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• It communicates with web servers, gracefully fetching

the requested content—whether it’s a webpage, an image, or
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any other resource.

 Application Layer Protocols
● DNS (Domain Name System):

• Its job? To convert user-friendly

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domain names (think
“google.com”) into numerical IP addresses (like
“172.217.6.238”).
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• Without DNS, we’d be stuck typing those cryptic IP addresses

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instead of friendly, memorable URLs.

 Application Layer Protocols
● DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol):

• When a device (like your smartphone)

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joins a network (let’s say
it connects to Wi-Fi), DHCP steps in.
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• It dynamically assign an IP address to that device.

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 Application Layer Protocols
● FTP (File Transfer Protocol):

• Imagine FTP as a trustworthy

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courier service specifically
designed for files.
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• It seamlessly handle uploading and downloading files between

different devices.
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• it ensures efficient file sharing across networks.

 Transport Layer
• Purpose: The Transport Layer oversees end-to-end
communication between devices. To ensure that your information
arrives at its destination intact. c
• Responsibilities: Within this layer, you’ll find flow control, error
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detection, and correction mechanisms—all working together to

maintain a smooth data journey.
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 Transport Layer Protocols
● TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):

• Its process: Establishes a connection,

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Breaks data into
packets, Numbers the packets, and Ensures orderly delivery
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• While reliable, TCP can be slightly slower due to the necessary

overhead.
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 Transport Layer Protocols
● UDP (User Datagram Protocol):

• Unlike TCP, it doesn’t fuss over

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delivery guarantees; instead, it’s
all about speed.
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• Ideal for real-time applications like video streaming and

online gaming, where swift data transmission matters most.
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 Internet Layer
• Purpose: The Internet Layer handles addressing and routing. It
ensures data packets take the right route to their destinations.
• Mission: Think of it as the global
c postal system, efficiently

delivering data across the vast network landscape.

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 Internet Layer Protocols
● IPv4/IPv6 (Internet Protocol versions 4 and 6):

• IPv4 relies on 32-bit addresses

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(e.g., 192.168.1.1),
while IPv6 flaunts 128-bit addresses (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
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• It uniquely identify devices on the network, ensuring efficient

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communication.
 Internet Layer Protocols
● ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol):

○ Reports errors: When something goes wrong in the network, ICMP

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delivers the news.

○ Pings devices: It’s like tapping your friend’s shoulder to check if they’re
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awake.

○ And yes, that familiar “ping” you’ve heard? That’s ICMP diligently at
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work, ensuring communication flows smoothly.

 Network Access Layer
• It bridges the gap between logical networking and physical
hardware.
• Framing: Like putting your datac in an envelope (frame) with
source and destination MAC addresses.
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• MAC Addresses: Unique hardware addresses for devices (e.g.,

NICs), crucial for local network identification.
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 Network Access Layer Protocols
● Ethernet:

• It’s the life of the party at thec Data Link Layer.

• Just like a bustling dance floor at a LAN party, Ethernet frames

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keep the groove going by carrying data between devices within

the same local network.
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 Network Access Layer Protocols
● ARP (Address Resolution Protocol):

• Map IP addresses to MAC addresses

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(those unique hardware
identifiers).
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• When you inquire, “Who lives at 192.168.1.2?”—that’s ARP

diligently at work, ensuring smooth communication within the
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network.
 Network Access Layer Protocols
● WLAN (Wireless Local Area Networking):

• It’s like dancing without tripping

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over cables.

• WLAN protocols (like Wi-Fi) handle the same tasks as Ethernet,

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but they do it over the airwaves.

• Imagine a network where devices can connect wirelessly,

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eliminating the need for physical cables.

 INTERNET
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TOPOLOGY
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 INTERNET TOPOLOGY
● It’s the structure by which hosts, routers, or Autonomous Systems (ASes)
connect within the global network.
● Think of it as the blueprint for device connections—like
c arranging furniture in a
room.
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● Just as furniture placement affects the room’s functionality, Internet topology

shapes how data flows across the network.
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 Mesh Topology
• Imagine it as a dense
web where every device
directly connects to every other
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device.
• Focuses
on redundancy and fault
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tolerance.
 Star Topology
• Every node connects to a
central network device (hub,
switch, or computer).
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• Peripheral devices act as

clients, and the central device
acts as a server.
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• Centralized management and

easy scalability.
 Ring Topology
• Devices form a closed circular
data path.
• Token-based communication.
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• Reduced collisions and high-

speed data transfer.
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 Tree Topology
• Hierarchical structure
resembling a tree.
• Combines elements of star and
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bus topologies.
• Scalability and efficient
management.
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Thank you!
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