MINERALS

Homogenous naturally occurring substance

with a definable internal structure is called
mineral.
Minerals are found in varied forms in nature,
ranging from the hardest diamond to the
softest talc. Minerals are usually found in
“ores”.
 ROCKS
Rocks are combination of homogenous
substances called minerals.
Some rocks for instance limestone, consist of a
single mineral only, but majority of the rock consist
of several minerals in varying proportions.
Classification of Minerals
Metallic Mineral
Metallic mineral are those minerals which can be melted to obtain
new products. Metallic minerals available in India are Zinc, Iron ore,
Manganese ore, Gold, Bauxite, Silver, Lead, Tin, Copper and
Chromite.
Ferrous Mineral : Ferrous metal primarily contains iron and steel.
Example: Iron ore, Manganese.
Non-Ferrous Mineral : Non-Ferrous metal contains little iron or
steel.
Example: Copper, Bauxite.

Non-Metallic Minerals
Non-metallic minerals are those which do not yield new products on melting.
Mica,salt,potash,sulphur,granite,limestone,marble,sandstone,etc
 Energy Minerals
• Energy is a fundamental component to our daily lives, and
everyday we use energy or power in some form or another.
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can
neither be created or destroyed. What this means is that as
energy is used, it does not disappear, but rather, is converted
into another form of energy.
• Coal
• Petroleum
• Natural gas
 ORES
• Ore- Minerals are usually found in ‘ores’.
• Ore-An accumulation of any mineral
mixed with other elements.
• A mineral occurring in sufficient quantity
and containing enough metal to permit
its recovery and extraction at a profit.
 Minerals generally occur in these forms:

In igneous and metamorphic rocks In sedimentary rocks Minerals such as gypsum,

minerals occur in the veins and the
lodes. Major metallic minerals like
tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are
obtained from these veins and
lodes.
COPPER FOUND IN VEINS
Minerals occur in layers potash salt and sodium
Coal and some forms salt are formed as a result
of iron ore are found of evaporation especially
like this. in arid regions.
BANDED IRON DEPOSITS
POTASH SALT
 .

Decomposition of Surface Alluvial deposit is material deposited by rivers consists

rocks-Removal of soluble of silt, sand, clay, and gravel, as well as much organic
constituents,leaving a matter.These deposits are called placer deposits
residual mass of weathered They contain most of the world’s supply of tin ore, as
material.Bauxite is the well as, in some regions, gold, platinum, and silver.
primary ore of aluminum Placer Deposits-Natural concentration of precious
minerals which are not corroded by water
Oceans cover 70 percent of Earth's
surface, host a vast variety of
geological processes responsible for
the formation and concentration of
mineral resources, and are the
ultimate repository of many
materials eroded or dissolved from the
land surface.
Hence, oceans contain vast quantities
of materials that presently serve as
major resources for humans. Today,
direct extraction of resources is
limited to
salt; magnesium,bromine,tin etc
Rat hole Mining
Most of the tribal areas of the north-east India, minerals are
owned by individuals or communities.In north-east India,
especially in Jowai and Cherapunjee, the coal mining is done by
tribal family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel, known
as ‘Rat-hole’ mining
 Ferrous Minerals
• Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total value of the
production of metallic minerals. Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone
of industrial development
Two types of iron ore found in India
• India is rich in good quality iron ores.
Magnetite: Hematite:
a) It is the finest iron ore. a) This ore is the most important
b) It has a very high content of iron up to industrial iron ore.
70 per cent. b) It is the largest used iron ore in terms of
C) It has excellent magnetic qualities, the quantity.
especially valuable in the C) It has slightly lower iron
electrical industry. content than magnetite.
(50-60 per cent).
LARGEST IRON ORE PRODUCING STATES OF
INDIA.
The five largest iron producing states are
Karnataka, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Goa and
Jharkhand.
The four major iron ore belts are:
i. Orissa-Jharkhand belt-- high grade hematite ore is found.
Important mines are Badampahar and Singbhum mines.
ii. Durg-Bastar –Chandrapur belt-- lies in Chhattisgarh and
Maharashtra, Very high grade hematites are found. Famous
mine is Bailadila which produces iron best suited for steel
making.
iii. Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt-- in
Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore. Kudermukh deposits
are known to be one of the largest in the world
iv. Maharashtra-Goa belt-- includes the state of Goa and
Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.
 MANGANESE
• Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-
manganese alloy.
• Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel.
• It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and
paints.
• Orissa is the largest producer of

manganese ore in India.It

accounted for one-third of the
country’s total production
 NON FERROUS MINERALS
• COPPER-India is critically deficient in the reserve and
production of copper.
• Being malleable, ductile and a good conductor, copper is mainly
used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries
• MADHYA PRADESH is the largest producer of copper in India. The
BALAGHAT MINES IN MADHYA PRADESH produce 52 per cent
of India’s copper.
• RAJASTHAN is the second largest producer of copper. The
KHETRI MINES IN RAJASTHAN are famous.
• JHARKHAND, THE SINGBHUM DISTRICT of it is also has large
reserves of copper
BAUXITE-ALUMINA -ALUMINIUM
• Aluminium is an important metal because it
combines the strength of metals such as iron,
with extreme lightness and also with good
conductivity and great malleability.
• It is used in electrical industries, aircraft
manufacturing industries, utensils making,
etc
• ORISSA-Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput
district has large reserves of bauxite
NON METALLIC MINERALS-MICA
Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves.
Mica sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be
layered into a sheet of a few centimeters high

MICA is considered the most important mineral in

electric and electronic industries due to its excellent
di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating
properties and resistance to high voltage.

Mica can be clear,black,green,red yellow or brown

LEADING PRODUCER OF MICA

Jharkhand-Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt
Rajasthan –Ajmer
Andra Pradesh-Nellore mica belt
 ROCK MINERALS
• LIMESTONE is the basic raw material for
the cement industry and essential for
smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
• It is found in sedimentary rocks of most
geological formations
• Andhra Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh ,Rajasthan, Gujarat are the
important producers
 Hazards of Mining
• The impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the
environment are:
• i. The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them
vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.
• ii. The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in
coalmines are a constant threat to miners.
• iii. The water sources in the region get contaminated due
to mining.
• iv. Dumping of waste and slurry leads to
degradation of land, soil, and
increase in stream and river pollution
 Conservation of minerals
Mining companies can profitably extract most minerals only where they occur
in large deposits. Industries first develop the highest-grade and most easily
minable ores. When these are depleted, mining companies turn to lower-grade
and harder-to-mine ores. Many such deposits require advanced technology and
large amounts of energy to mine. Some take so much energy to mine and
refine that they cannot be profitably developed. Deposits of minerals are
unevenly distributed around the world. This uneven distribution of minerals
has played a major role in history.
Conventional Sources of Energy
Coal:
Coal is the most abundantly available and used fossil fuel. Coal is
formed due the compression of plant material over millions of years.
It provides about 80% of the nation’s energy needs.
 It is used for power generation.
 It is used to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.
 India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy
requirements
 Coal is found in a variety of forms
Peat: Decaying plants in swamps produce peat. It has a low carbon and high moisture contents and low heating
capacity.
Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The principal lignite reserves are in
Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for generation of electricity.
Sub-bituminous coal is buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures. It is the most popular coal in
commercial use.
Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast
furnaces.
Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.
 Two types of coal reserves found in India.
Coal in India is found in two geological structures:
Gondwana coal(200 million years geological age):
which are metallurgical coal, are located in
Damodar valley (West
Bengal,Orissa,Jharkhand,Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro
coalfields.
Tertiary coal -50 million years geological age: occur
in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam,
Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
Coal is a bulky material, which loses weight on use
as it is reduced to ash. Hence, heavy industries and
thermal power stations are located on or near the
coalfields.
Map locations
Coal Mines
 Raniganj
 Bokaro
 Talcher
 Neyveli
Petroleum
Petroleum is the next major energy source in India after
coal.
i. It provides fuel for heat and lighting,
ii. It is used as lubricants for machinery
iii. It is raw materials for a number of manufacturing
industries.
iv. Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for
synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical
industries.
Petroleum refineries act as a "nodal industry" because they form a
base for many industries like fertilizer and synthetic
textiles industry. As the petroleum refineries provide the raw
material for these industries, they are known as the nodal industry
IMPORTANT OIL FIELDS OF
INDIA.
i. About 63 per cent of India’s
petroleum production is from
Mumbai High,
ii. 18 per cent comes from
Gujarat and Ankeleshwar is the
most important field of
Gujarat.
iii. 16 per cent from Assam.
Digboi, Naharkatiya and
Moran-Hugrijan are the
important oil fields in the state.
 Natural gas
It is used as a source of energy as well as an industrial
raw material in the petrochemical industry
Natural gas is found in:
i. Large reserves of natural gas have been
discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin,Mumbai High and
the Gulf of Cambay.
Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important
areas having large reserves of natural gas.
HVJ PIPELINE-The 1700 km long Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur (HBJ) gas
Pipeline from Mumbai High and Bassien provide gas to
the fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western
and northern India.
The power and fertilizer industries are the key users
of natural gas.
 Is natural gas environmentally friendly?
Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel and a highly efficient form
of energy.
The simple chemical composition of natural gas lends itself to
fewer impurities and generally results in less pollution.
Using natural gas instead of oil or coal produces less chemicals
and other harmful forms of pollution.
Natural gas promotes the use of other clean energy sources.
It’s used as a raw material in lightweight cars, wind power
blades, solar panels, and energy-efficient materials.
Approximately 90 percent of natural gas produced is delivered
to customers as useful energy. By comparison, only 30 percent
of energy converted to electricity reaches consumers.
MAP LOCATIONS
Oil Fields
 Digboi
 Naharkatia
 Mumbai High
 Bassien
 Kalol
 Ankaleshwar
Electricity
Electricity is generated mainly in two ways:by
running water which drives hydro turbines to
generate hydro electricity; Hydro electricity is
generated by fast flowing water, which is a
renewable resource and
by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum
and natural gas to produce thermal power.
Thermal electricity is generated by using coal,
petroleum and natural gas. The thermal power
stations use non-renewable fossil fuels for
generating electricity.
Hydro-Electricity power plants-
Bhakra Nangal,Damodar Valley Corporation,
Kopili Hydel Project
 NON-CONVENTIONAL
SOURCES OF ENERGY
Those energy sources which are renewable
and ecologically safe.
such as solar energy, wind energy, biomass
energy, ocean energy (tidal energy, wave
energy, ocean thermal energy), geothermal
energy, nuclear energy etc.
Some sources of energy are non renewable
like coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Nuclear or Atomic Energy
It is obtained by altering the structure of
atoms. When such an alteration is made,
much energy is released in the form of heat
and this is used to generate electric power.
Uranium and Thorium, which are available
in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of
Rajasthan are used for generating atomic or
nuclear power. The Monazite sands of Kerala
is also rich in Thorium.
 Powerplants
A.Thermal PP B. Nuclear PP
 Namrup  Narora
 Kakrapara
 Singrauli
 Tarapur
 Ramagundam
 Kalpakkam
 Solar energy
India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. Photovoltaic
technology converts sunlight directly into electricity
Advantages :- I) It Uses Renewable Source Of Disadvantages :- I) It Uses A Special
Energy. Grade Of Silicon Which Is Expensive.
II) It Produces Electricity Which Does Not Cause
Pollution.
II) Since Silver Is Used For Connecting
III) It Can Be Used In Remote Areas as it will The Cells together It Is more expensive.
minimize the dependency of rural households on III) The Current Produced Is Dc And To
firewood and cow dungs. Convert It To Ac Increases The Cost.
IV) Solar energy thus will contribute to
environmental conservation and adequate supply
of manure in agriculture

Bhadla Solar Park is the world's largest solar park located in India which is spread over a
total area of 14,000 acres in Bhadla, Phalodi tehsil, Jodhpur district, Rajasthan, India.
Wind power

India has great potential of wind power. The

largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil
Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. Apart from
these, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat,
Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have
important wind farms. Nagarcoil and
Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of
wind energy in the country.
 Biogas
Bio gas is produced from shrubs, farm waste, animal and human wastes. It is mostly used for
domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has
higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
The plants using cattle dung are known as GOBAR GAS PLANTS in rural India
Gobargas and biogas provide many benefits to the farmer:
i. They provide energy to household.
ii. They provide good quality of manure.
iii. Biogas is by far the most efficient use of cattle dung.
iv. It also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.
 Tidal Energy
Oceanic tides can be used to generate
electricity. Floodgate dams are built across
inlets. During high tide water flows into the
inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed.
After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the
water retained by the floodgate flows back to
the sea via a pipe that carries it through a
power-generating turbine.
In India the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf
of Kuchchh in Gujarat on the western
coast and Gangetic delta in Sunderban
regions of West Bengal provide ideal
conditions for utilising tidal energy.
Geo Thermal Energy
Geo thermal energy refers to the heat and
electricity produced by using the heat from the
interior of the Earth. Geothermal energy exists
because, the Earth grows progressively hotter
with increasing depth.
Where the geothermal gradient is high, high
temperatures are found at shallow depths.
Groundwater in such areas absorbs heat from
the rocks and becomes hot. It is so hot that
when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into
steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and
generate Electricity
Two experimental projects have been set up in
India to harness geothermal energy. One is
located in the Parvati valley near
Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and
the other is located in the Puga Valley,
Ladakh
 Conservation of Energy Resources
Energy resources are very essential for the economic development of India.
a. Every sector of the national economy – agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic – needs inputs
of energy.
b. The success of economic development plans depend on energy resources.
c. Consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country.
d. India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world.
Energy resources must be judiciously used because our energy resources are limited.
a. We must use public transport systems instead of individual vehicles
b. Switching off electricity when not in use
c. Use power-saving devices
d. Use non-conventional sources of energy.