DYNAMICS OF PUBLIC SAFETY

MODEL

PBGEN PERPETUO F MACION (RET)

RCRIM, MPA, 60 UNITS Ph.D, CSP, CCOS
 What is Public Safety?
• Legal scholars define public safety as “the protection
of the general public,” and they reference groups
like police officers and firefighters as Public Safety
Officers.

• Many governments form their policies on this

idea of protecting people’s physical welfare.

• They often focus on combating crime in an effort to

help community members feel secure, and they hire
for roles like law enforcement officers and medical
emergency responders.
 What is Public Safety?
• On the other hand, the psychologist Abraham
Maslow used a much broader definition of
safety in his famous “Hierarchy of Human
Needs” model.

• He said that one of the most fundamental needs

that we have is safety.

• This includes not only physical safety but also

security of our health, money, belongings, jobs, and
 AN INTRODUCTION TO DYNAMICS
OF PUBLIC SAFETY MODELS
• General Characteristics The English
heritage contributed three enduring
features to American policing.
• The first is a tradition of limited police
authority.
• The American legal tradition seeks to
protect individual liberty by limiting
government authority.
• Continental European countries, by
contrast, give their law enforcement
agencies much broader powers.
• German citizens, for example, are
required to carry identity cards and report
changes of address to police authorities.
• The second feature inherited from
England is a tradition of local control of
law enforcement agencies. ( Local Mayors
in Philippine Setting)
• European countries, by
contrast, have centralized,
national police forces.
• Local control contributes to
the third feature, namely, a
highly decentralized and
fragmented system of law
enforcement.
• The United States is unique in having
an estimated 20,000 separate law
enforcement agencies, subject only to
minimal coordination and very little
national control or regulation.
• Institutions Formal law enforcement
agencies emerged in England in the
thirteenth century.
• The constable assumed primary
responsibility for keeping the peace.
• An elected official of the manor or
county parish, the constable was also
the local government executive.
• The Statute of Winchester in 1285
added several important new
elements.
• The “watch and ward” required all
men in a given town to serve on the
night watch to guard against fires,
crimes, and suspicious persons.
• The “hue and cry” made all citizens
responsible for pursuing fugitives from
justice.
• Finally, the Statute of Winchester required
all males to maintain weapons in their
homes for use in protecting the public
peace.
• Between the thirteenth and nineteenth
centuries, the English law enforcement
tradition developed in an unsystematic
manner.
• New institutions were created and
old ones changed.
• The sheriff (originally “shire
reeve”) appeared, from whom the
American sheriff is descended.
• The justice of the peace emerged
in the fourteenth century as an
important element of the local
system of justice.
• Much of the responsibility
for law enforcement,
however, remained in the
hands of private individuals.
• Crime victims had to pursue
offenders on their own.
 The dynamics of public safety in cities: A case
study of Shanghai from 2010 to 2025

• Urban spaces are highly concentrated locations for

people, wealth, information, and built
environments.
• Not to mention cities are also the most important
spaces in the lives of humankind.
• The UN has forecasted that over half of the world's
population will live in cities by the year of 2020.
• This has happened in the industrialized nations in
Western Europe, North America and Japan.
• The newly developed economies especially that of
• Urbanization in China has now exceeded
slightly over 50% (Fang & Yu, 2016).
Understanding cities' vulnerability towards a
variety of common threats, such as urban
crimes, urban fire disaster, urban traffic
incidents, urban environmental pollution, etc.,
• would be of utmost importance for not only the
cities' governments and planners, but also the
urban dwellers, business owners, insurance
underwriters, and potential investors as well
(Blokland and Nast, 2014, Van and Van, 2015,
Yu et al., 2013).
• Studies on urban vulnerability at the city-scale
have seen growing interests in the past
decades (Borden et al., 2007, Ceccato and
Lukyte, 2011, Cutter et al., 2003, Piegorsch
et al., 2007).

• Scholars attempt to establish a series of

relationships between the possibility of various
disasters' occurrence and a variety of the cities’
social, economic, physical and environmental
characteristics via statistical approaches
(Blokland and Nast, 2014, Piegorsch et al.,
2007).
• Such studies provide quite useful
understanding at a national/regional scale
for policy makers to have a general view
that will indicate which cities are prone to
certain disasters.

• Within a city, however, such studies offer

limited information regarding how
vulnerable the city is against various
urban threats, why so and what the future
will be.
 DEPARTMENT PUBLIC SAFETY MODEL

•A DPS is frequently an
organization employing
emergency medical responders,
firefighters, and police officers.
The following respondent indicate
the use of a DPS as the law
enforcement model at their
airports.
What is the concept and importance of safety?

• Safety is a state in which hazards

and conditions leading to physical,
psychological or material harm are
controlled in order to preserve the
health and well-being of
individuals and the community.
 The Three Key Components of Community Policing
Model

• Organizational transformation
• Community partnerships
• Shared problem-solving
 Organizational Transformation
• When considering the causes of crime, and the
distrust of police in many neighborhoods, it’s
important to realize that transformation needs
to begin in the legal system before it can begin
in the community.
• Law enforcement officers need to have a clear
understanding of neighborhood concerns,
which can only be earned through direct
contact with those in the neighborhood.
 Community Partnerships
• Community partnerships are generally defined as
any relationship built between police and community
groups, including religious organizations, businesses,
local government, schools and community groups.

• These partnerships are consistent, ongoing

relationships meant to continuously foster interaction
between police and the communities.

• This can even include police forces and services

cohabitating with other community services, like
recreational centers.
 Shared Problem-Solving
• One of the largest positive effects of community
policing is the success of shared problem-solving.

• The biggest consequence of organizational

transformation and community partnerships has
been the success of shared problem-solving.
•
• Working together, police and community
members can start to prevent issues, rather than
reacting to crime and disorder once it’s
happened.
 INCIDENT MANAGEMENT
• The Incident Command System
(ICS) is used by public agencies
to manage emergencies. ICS
can be used by businesses to
work together with public
agencies during emergency.
 What are the 4 main elements of the Incident Command
System?

• Command—provide on-scene management

and control authority.
• Operations—direct incident tactical operations.
• Planning—prepare Incident Action Plan and
maintain situation and resources status.
• Logistics—provide services and support to the
incident.
 What is Incident Command System Philippines?

• An Incident Command System is a

standard, on-scene, all-hazard incident
management concept that can be used
by all DRRM Councils, emergency
management and response agencies.
• It is a useful tool that coordinates all the
actions and movements of different groups
related to disaster risk reduction.
What are the 5 areas of Incident Command System?

• First Responders should have five

functional areas set up within their Incident
Command Systems (ICS) to work together
to respond to emergencies.

• Department assets used in response to

incidents are organized under Command,
Operations, Logistics, Planning, and
Admin/Finance.
 PUBLIC SAFETY MODELS
• 911 MODEL
• SMARTER PUBLIC SAFETY MODEL
(IACP Police Chief Magazine | January
2021)
• Public Safety Model: A Homeland Security
Alternative
 TOPICS ON DYNAMIC PUBLIC SAFETY
MODELS (MASSIVE DESTRUCTION OF
LIVES AND PROPERTIES
• MANMADE DISASTERS (BOMBING,
HOSTAGE TAKING, AIRPLANE HIJACKING,
ATTACK IN A POLICE STATION, TRAFFIC
ACCIDENTS, FOOD POISONING, AIRPLANCE
DISASTER, FIRE INCIDENTS ETC)

• NATURAL DISASTERS (FLASHFLOODS,

RISING WATER, STORM SURGE, TYPHOON
DISASTER, LANDSLIDE, EARTHQUAKE,
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, TSUNAMI)
Mental health of public safety personnel: Developing a
model of operational, organizational, and personal
factors in public safety organizations BY MEGAN
EDGELOW
• The work of public safety personnel
(PSP) such as police officers,
firefighters, correctional officers, and
paramedics, as well as other PSP,
makes them vulnerable to
psychological injuries, which can
have profound impacts on their
families and the communities they
serve.
• In 2020, the Government of Canada released a
national strategy on PTSD, which is heavily
focused on public safety populations, making
this a particularly pertinent time for research
addressing PSP mental health.
• Each individual's mental health is the result of a
multitude of factors with the most commonly
studied factors falling into the categories of
operational, organizational, and personal
factors.
 Operational factors

• Operational factors refer to the content of

the work and include demands unique to
the job and the specific pressures facing
PSPs.
• For instance, responding to violent
situations, feeling fearful of potential injury,
or experiencing negative interactions with
the public while on duty could all be
considered operational factors.
 Organizational factors
• Organizations that employ PSPs can also
contribute to work-related stress and cause
negative mental health outcomes.
• Organizational factors include elements of the
employment context that impact the mental
health of PSPs during their work.
• These factors are often controlled or highly
influenced by the employer and can either
contribute to work related stress or act as
facilitators to improve mental health outcomes,
as well as job satisfaction and work efficiency.
 Personal factors

• Personal factors are unique to the individual

PSP and depend on the circumstances of
each person, including their family and social
relationships, their overall health status, and
their individual interests and activities outside
of work.
• Personal factors can exacerbate stressors
already present at work, such as poor familial
support or experiencing a mental health
condition
 REQUIREMENTS
• Select and submit a Dynamic Public
Safety contingency plan on either topics
(disaster, fire hazard, criminality and anti-
terrorism).
• Email it to your NPC Facilitator for
consolidation
• Submission will be five days after my
Lecture
• Failure to submit means no grade
 EXAMINATION
• 1. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PUBLIC
SAFETY AND PUBLIC SECURITY?
• 2. USING THE DIFFERENT MODELS SELECT AND
CREATE ONE PUBLIC SAFETY PLAN ON THE
FOLLOWING SCENARIOS:
• -MANMADE (BOMBING, HOSTAGE TAKING,
CYBERATTACK, FIRE INCIDENT, FOOD
POISONING, HIJACKING, ATTACK IN A POLICE
STATION)
• NATURAL DISASTERS( TYPHOON,EARTHQUAKE,
TSUNAMI, BUSH FIRE, FLASHFLOOD, LANDSLIDE)
 Reference
• https://www.slideshare.net/chapterhousei
nc/comparative-police-systemspreview
• https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=dyn
amics+of+public+safety+models&hl=en&a
s_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art
icle/abs/pii/S0197397517305404https://w
ww.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d
&q=incident+command+system
• https://justicesafetyfinance.com/perspecti
ves/a-smarter-public-safety-model
• https://
www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpub
h.2023.1140983/full
by Megan Edgelow
• https://
academic.oup.com/policing/article/doi/10.1093/police/paad014/
7111207