Basic Electronics

INTRODUCTION
• Electronics, field of engineering and applied
physics dealing with the design and application of
devices, usually electronic circuits, the operation
of which depends on the flow of electrons.
• Electronics is used in the generation, transmission,
reception, and storage of information.
• The information can consist of voice or music
(audio signals) in a radio receiver, a picture on a
television screen, or numbers and other data in a
computer.
 Uses of Electronics
• Domestic use and entertainment – Radio, Television, Sound systems,
Video recorders, CD players, Microwave ovens, control of many devices
like washing machines, vehicles, digital watch, video games, hand held
computers, digital audio etc.

• Communication – Telephone, Fax , E-mail, Satelites etc.

• Industrical eletronics – Measurement, Controllers, Drives, PLCs, SCADA

etc.

• Power electronics – Conversion, Inversion, UPS, HVDC

• Defence – Radars, Sensors, Missiles, Combat Aircrafts etc.

• Scientific Research – CRTs, High precision measurement devices,

Supercomputers etc.
• Medical Application – CT - CAT SCAN, X Rays, Telemedicines
History of Electronics
 History of Electronics
• The birth of electronics can be considered as the discover
of electron by JJ Thompson around 1900
• Thompson also discovered electron emission from heated
cathodes. This resulted in invention of 2 electrode Vacuum
tube by Fleming in 1904. This was initially used for
detection of radio signals.
• In 1906, Lee De Frost invented 3 electrode vacuum tube
which could be used as amplifiers.
• From vacuum tubes inventions the Cathode ray tubes were
developed were subsequently used as picture tubes of TVs.
• Many devices using vacuum tubes like Radio, Television,
Telephones were developed. Computers using vacuum
tubes were also developed.
Disadvantages of Vacuum Tubes
• Vacuum tubes are fragile and subjected to wear
and tear.
• There may be damage due to heating and cooling
etc.
• Time to heat-up is a major disadvantage in the use
of some critical application.
• More power consumption
• But, vacuum tubes are still in use in some
applications like TV picture tubes, CRT screens,
Microwave ovens, Extremely high frequency
transmitters in satellites etc.
Vacuum Tubes
 Solid State Technology.
• In 1947, John Barden, Walter Brattain and William
Sockley invented Transistor in Bell Laboratory, which is a
solid state device using semiconductors
• The invention of transistor started invention of many solid
state devices using semiconductors whose electrical
properties can be varied in a wide range by addition of
small quantity of other elements called P and N type
materials
• Initially Germanium was used as the semiconductor,
because the process of its purification was known. In late
1950s, purification of Sillicon was developed.
• Silicon gradually replaced Germanium as the main
semiconductor.
• The main advantages of Sillicon were they were cheap,
abundant and can sustain very high temperature.
Electronic Circuits
 Integrated Circuits
• In 1958, Integrated Circuit (IC) was invented by
Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, in which many
devices can be integrated into a single chip.
During 1960s, the solid state devices replaced the
vacuum tubes in almost all fields.
Integrated Circuits
 Microprocessors
• In 1971, the 1st Microprocessor was developed by
Intel Corporation, which were used in Central
Processing Units of the computers.
• In the same year the 1st memory chip was also
developed in Intel corporation. These two
developments revolutionized the field of Digital
Computers.VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
made microprocessors more and more powerful.
Consequently, Computers became more and more
compact and powerful
 Optoeletronics
• Another field of Electronics called Optoelectonics
was also developing.
• This was using light signals in place of electrical
signals.
• Compounds formed by elements such as
Aluminium, Gallium, Phosphorus, Arsenic etc. are
used to make semiconductor devices that emit
light efficiently or that operate at exceptionally
high frequencies.
• LEDS, LASERS and Optical Fibers are the main
products of Optoelectronics.
 Fields of Electronics

- Analogue Electronics
- Digital Electronics
- Optoelectronics
- Superconducting Electronics
Thank You