Circulation and

Respiration
 Homeostasis
 Animals regulate their internal
environment within relatively narrow
limits
 Homeostasis is the maintenance of
balance in the internal environment

33.1
 Thermoregulation is a type of
homeostasis
– Is the process by which animals maintain
an internal temperature within a
tolerable range
 Ectotherms (cold-blooded)
– Include most invertebrates, fishes,
amphibians, and non-bird reptiles
 Endotherms (warm-blooded)
– Include birds and mammals

33.1
 In general, 40
ectotherms River otter (endotherm)

– Tolerate
30
greater

Body temperature (°C)

variation in
internal 20

temperature Largemouth bass (ectotherm)

than
10
endotherms

0 10 20 30 40
Ambient (environmental) temperature (°C)

33.1
  Endothermy is more energetically
expensive than ectothermy
– But buffers animals’ internal
temperatures against external
fluctuations
– And enables the animals to maintain a
high level of aerobic metabolism

33.1
33.2/3
33.2
Systole – contraction

Diastole - relaxation

S1 – Caused by closing
AV valves (lub)

S2 – Caused by closing
the semilunar valves
(dub)

33.4
 Contraction is triggered by electrical
impulses from the brain stem that travel first
to the sinoatrial node

33.4
 Cardiac Output
 CO = SV x HR
 Stroke Volume (SV) = the amount of
blood pumped by the left ventricle
during one systole
 Heart Rate (HR) = the number of
heart beats (systoles) in one minute

33.5
Heart Valves

33.6
Capillaries,
Arteries and
Veins

33.7
 How does
blood return
to the heart
against
gravity?

33.7
 Blood Pressure

Blood Pressure – The pressure exerted on the walls of arteries, veins or

capillaries. Usually measured in mmHg.

33.8
Precapillary Sphincters

Regulation of
blood flow
through the
capillaries

33.9
Capillary Fluid Exchange

33.10
 Lymphatic System

33.11
Plasma

33.12
Blood Cells
 33.13

•Increased surface area

•Thin smooth shape helps erythrocytes travel through narrow
capillaries
 Leukocytes (white blood
cells)
Neutrophil
•60% of white blood cells
•First responders to infection or injury
•Injest damaged tissue or microorganisms

Eosinophils
•5% of white blood cells
•Located in skin, lung or intestinal mucosa
•Apparently fight pathogens in these areas

33.14
 Leukocytes (white blood
cells)
Lymphocytes
•30% of white blood cells
•B and T types
•Fight infections and establish immunity
•Make antibodies

Monocytes
•5% of white blood cells
•Precursors of macrophages
•Largest white blood cells

33.14
33.15
Respiration
Respiratory Anatomy

33.16
 Inhalation and Exhalation

33.17
33.18
Breathing
Control

33.19