PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF

MANAGEMENT
BASIC
PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS AND IDEAS

P R E S E N T E D B Y:
Lloyd Cordero (2022425041)
Mark Roger Huberit II (2023445612)
Chito Moldogo Mataac (2023436774)
Ph.D 2ND TRI SY 23-24 DR. FRANCO
Via GOOGLE MEET
PRESENTE
R
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
MANAGEMENT (PHDBM711)

CHITO MATAAC MARK ROGER HUBERIT II LLOYD CORDERO

 PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
MANAGEMENT

(PHDBM711
)
TO PIC 2:
B ASIC PHIL OSOPHIC AL C ONC E PT S AND IDEAS:
a . So c i a l Orga n i z a t i o n i n Anc i e n t Gre e c e, Americ a , a nd
China
b . Kno wl e dg e E xi st e n c e a n d Vi rt ue : Domina nt
Pe rspe c t i v e
 A. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IN ANCIENT
GREECE, AMERICA, AND CHINA
The social organization of Ancient Greece, America, and China was shaped by diverse philosophical and
cultural foundations, resulting in unique governance systems, citizenship models, and social hierarchies. The
city-states of Athens and Sparta in Ancient Greece, the birthplace of democracy, exemplified different political
structures, ranging from participatory democracy in Athens to oligarchic rule in Sparta.
In America, indigenous societies functioned under tribal governance structures that emphasized collective
values and distinctive approaches to leadership.
Meanwhile, China's history was marked by feudalism and imperial bureaucracy, heavily influenced by
Confucian social harmony and meritocracy principles. These societies were shaped by their geographical,
philosophical, and cultural contexts, contributing to their distinct social organizations and concepts of
citizenship, morality, and societal order.
 FOUR AREAS DIFFERENTIATE THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IN
ANCIENT GREECE, AMERICA, AND CHINA:

(1) Political philosophy

(2) Philosophy of government
(3) Social values and ethics, and (4)
Social classes and equality
 1. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Greek City-States: Democracy in Athens, Oligarchy in Sparta

• Ancient Greece is often recognized as the birthplace of democracy, where
innovative political systems emerged in city-states. Athens, a symbol of
democracy, introduced a system that encouraged citizens to participate in
decision-making actively.
• The Athenian democracy, described in Plato's "The Republic" and Aristotle's
works, was a defining moment in political philosophy, emphasizing civic
participation and pursuing a common goal. In contrast, Sparta preferred an
oligarchic system prioritizing military strength and discipline. Different
views on governance, citizenship, and individual rights were established by
comparing these two city-states.
 1. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Early American Governance: Indigenous Tribal Structures and the Iroquois

Confederacy
• Before the arrival of Europeans, Native American people established
governance systems based on tribal knowledge. Across the continent,
diverse tribes developed structures that fit their environments and upheld
communal values.
• One notable example is the Iroquois Confederacy, which consisted of
multiple Native American nations and demonstrated a unique model of
Confederate governance. Their political philosophy was seen as an early
version of modern federalism and emphasized the importance of
consensus-building and cooperation between sovereign nations. These
diverse governance philosophies resulted in varied political structures
across the continent.
 1. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Chinese Dynasties: Confucianism and Legalism in Shaping Governance

• China's system of governance has been influenced by different philosophies over time,
with Confucianism and Legalism having a significant impact. During the Han Dynasty
and beyond, Confucianism was a dominant philosophy emphasizing the importance of
education, hierarchical relationships, and moral uprightness.

• The Confucian bureaucracy became a defining aspect of Chinese governance,

emphasizing ethical leadership and meritocracy.

• In contrast, Legalism, more prevalent during the Qin Dynasty, stressed the importance
of strict laws and centralized authority to maintain order.

• The complex relationship of these philosophical currents in China represents a unique

amalgamation of ethical governance and authoritarian control.
 2. PHILOSOPHY OF GOVERNMENT

Greek Thinkers: Plato's "Republic" and Aristotle's "Politics"

• Plato and Aristotle are significant figures in Greek political philosophy. Their
influential works have endured through the ages. Plato's "Republic" discusses an ideal
city-state where philosopher-kings rule with wisdom and justice, presenting a utopian
vision. Plato's work set a precedent for discussions on the role of intellect in
leadership, emphasizing meritocracy and the philosopher's duty to govern.

• Aristotle (Plato’s student), presented a pragmatic perspective in his "Politics." He

analyzed various forms of government and advocated for a balanced system, such as a
constitutional monarchy or a mixed government, blending elements of democracy,
aristocracy, and monarchy.

• Their collective influence left an indelible mark on Western political thought,

influencing the discourse on governance and virtue.
2. PHILOSOPHY OF GOVERNMENT
American Founding Fathers: Influence of Enlightenment Thinkers on the
U.S. Constitution

• Enlightenment ideals heavily influenced the United States, and the

Founding Fathers incorporated various philosophical concepts into
the U.S. Constitution.

• John Locke's ideas on natural rights and the social contract

significantly impacted the constitutional drafting process.

• Montesquieu's idea of separation of powers was also integrated into

the structure of American governance.

• These principles of the Enlightenment laid the foundation for a

democratic republic, which prioritized individual liberties, checks
and balances, and the pursuit of happiness. As a result, the
government sought to protect and empower its citizens.
 2. PHILOSOPHY OF GOVERNMENT
Chinese Philosophers: Confucius and the Concept of Benevolent Rule

• The philosophy of government in ancient China was closely connected with Confucian
principles, particularly those articulated by Confucius.

• The benevolent rule was at the center of Confucian thought, with leaders embodying
moral virtue and ruling with compassion and fairness. Confucius stressed the importance
of ethical leadership, emphasizing the ruler's responsibility to set a moral example for the
people.

• This concept of benevolent rule was fundamental in Chinese governance, determining the
expectations of leaders throughout Chinese history and influencing imperial
bureaucracies.

• Confucian ideals, which focused on social harmony and the well-being of the governed,
played a significant role in the stability and longevity of various Chinese dynasties.
 3. SOCIETAL VALUES AND ETHICS
Greek Ethical Systems: Virtue Ethics in the Works of Socrates, Plato, and
Aristotle

• The ethical systems of virtue played a significant role in Ancient Greece,

where philosophical thought flourished.

• Socrates, often referred to as the father of Western philosophy, was mainly

concerned with self-examination and moral inquiry.

• Plato, his disciple, further expanded on these concepts in his dialogues,

emphasizing the pursuit of wisdom and justice.

• In his concept of virtue ethics, Aristotle stresses the importance of

cultivating virtuous character traits as essential for leading a fulfilling life.
This led to virtues such as courage, wisdom, and justice becoming
foundational in Greek ethical philosophy, influencing individual behavior
and societal norms.

• These philosophical ideals guided personal conduct and shaped citizens'

expectations in the context of broader governance and communal life.
3. SOCIETAL VALUES AND ETHICS
Native American Societal Values: Harmony with Nature, Communal
Living, and Spiritual Connections

• Native American cultures were known for their diverse mixture and
profound connection to the natural world. They shared a deep
reverence for nature, considering it as a spiritual and interconnected
force.

• Communal living, harmony with the environment, and a deep

respect for all living beings were at the core of their ethics. Native
Americans believed that humans were caretakers of the earth, and
they interacted with the land and each other based on the concept of
stewardship.

• The importance of balance and reciprocity in their societies was

emphasized through spiritual connections, often expressed through
rituals and ceremonies.
3. SOCIETAL VALUES AND ETHICS
Confucian Ethics: Filial Piety, Social Harmony, and Moral Cultivation
§ Confucian ethics played a vital role in ancient China by guiding the
behavior of individuals and promoting social harmony. One of the
critical virtues promoted by Confucianism was filial piety, which is the
respect and reverence for one's parents and ancestors.
§ Confucianism also emphasized the importance of social harmony to
maintain societal balance and order. Confucius believed that moral
virtues could be cultivated through education and self-discipline and
that ethical behavior could be transformative. The principles of
Confucian ethics extended beyond personal virtue to the responsibilities
of leaders in promoting a just and benevolent society.
§ These ethical principles became deeply ingrained in Chinese culture,
influencing family structures, interpersonal relationships, and the
conduct of individuals in public life.
 4. SOCIAL CLASSES AND EQUALITY
Greek Class Structure: Citizens, Foreign residents, Slaves

• The society of Ancient Greece was divided into classes, which

determined the rights and privileges of its inhabitants. The highest
class was occupied by citizens with political participation and legal
rights in the city-states, especially in Athens.

• The second class included foreign residents who contributed to the

economic and cultural life but didn't have the same rights as citizens.

• The lowest class consisted of slaves, who were deprived of their

freedoms and forced into servitude.

• Different social classes in Greece reflected a complicated

relationship between citizenship, labor, and societal contributions.
This relationship raised philosophical questions about justice and
equality, explored extensively by thinkers like Plato and Aristotle.
 4. SOCIAL CLASSES AND EQUALITY
Native American Societies: Fluid Social Structures and Communal
Living

• Many Native American societies had more flexible social structures

than the rigid class systems of Ancient Greece.

• Communal living was widely practiced in these indigenous

communities, and they strongly emphasized cooperation, shared
responsibilities, and a sense of interconnectedness.

• Social roles were often defined by one's contribution to the

community rather than being predetermined based on birth. Though
individuals could be recognized for their leadership or specialized
skills, many Native American societies fostered a more egalitarian
approach, prioritizing unity and mutual respect.
 4. SOCIAL CLASSES AND EQUALITY
Chinese Social Hierarchy: Confucian Influence on Familial and Societal
Roles

• Confucian ideals had a profound impact on ancient Chinese society,

affecting both familial relationships and social structures. The
hierarchical order prescribed by Confucianism emphasized the
importance of filial piety and respect for elders within families and
extended this hierarchy to societal roles.

• Individuals were expected to fulfill their duties and responsibilities

based on their position in the broader social structure, with the elite
positions being held by emperors, officials, and scholars.

• Confucian values reinforced the importance of moral leadership and

benevolent rule. While the Confucian social hierarchy provided a
framework for order, it also raised philosophical questions about the
nature of social equality and the role of individuals in determining
their destinies.
BASIC PHIL OSOP HICAL
CONCEPT S AND IDE AS :

K nowle dge
E xiste nc e and
Virtue : D ominant
Pe rspe c tive
EPISTEMOLOGY (KNOW LEDGE):
• EPI ST EM OL OGY: I S THE BRANCH OF PHI LOSOPHY
CONCERNED W I T H T HE NATURE, SCOPE, AND SOURCES OF
KNOW L EDGE. I T EXPL ORE S QUESTI ONS ABOUT W HAT
KNOW L EDGE I S, HOW I T I S ACQUI RED, AND HOW W E CAN
DI STI NGUI SH BET W E EN KNOW LEDGE AND BELI EF.
EPI ST EM OL OGY SE EKS TO UNDERSTAND THE FOUNDATI ONS
AND LI M I T S OF HUM AN KNOW LEDGE, AS W ELL AS THE
M E THODS BY W HI CH W E CAN RELI ABLY OBTAI N
KNOW L EDGE ABOUT T HE W ORLD.

DECISION-MAKING P R OC ES S ES :

LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

INNOVATION AND C R EATIVITY

ETHICAL CONSIDER ATIONS

EPISTEMOLOGY (KNOW LEDGE):
• Empir ic ism : E mp ir icism a sser ts that knowledge is primarily derived
from se nso ry e xp er ien c e an d ob servation. Empiricists argue that our
under sta n ding o f the wo r ld is built upon evidence gathered through
the sen se s. Ke y f ig ur e s asso cia ted with empiricism include John
Loc ke , Geo rg e Be rk e le y, an d David Hume.

• Ratio na lism: Ration alism em ph asizes the role of reason and innate
ideas in ac q uir in g kn o wled ge . Rationalists argue that certain truths
are self -e v id en t o r ca n be d isc overed through logical deduction. René
Desc a rte s, Bar u ch Spin oz a, an d Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz are notable
ration alist p h ilo so ph e rs.
METAPHYSIC S (EXISTENC E):
METAPHYSICS IS A BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY THAT DEALS WITH
FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS ABOUT THE NATURE OF REALITY,
EXISTENCE, AND BEING. IT EXPLORES QUESTIONS THAT GO BEYOND
THE PHYSICAL WORLD AND THE OBSERVABLE PHENOMENA STUDIED BY
THE NATURAL SCIENCES. METAPHYSICS SEEKS TO UNDERSTAND THE
UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES AND STRUCTURES OF REALITY, AS WELL AS
THE NATURE OF EXISTENCE ITSELF.

I N G EN ERAL, M ETAPH YSI CS A D DRESSES Q UESTI ON S SUCH

A S:

• W h at is the natur e of r eality?

2 . W hat is the natur e of existence?

3 . W hat is the r elationship between mind and body?

4 . W hat is the natur e of causality and change?

METAPHYSICS ( EXIST ENC E):
Materialism: Materialism posits that rea lity is fundamentally
composed of material or physica l substanc es . Materialis ts
believe that everything in the unive rse, including cons cious nes s
and mental phenomena, can ultima te ly be explained in te rms of
matter and its interactions. Philosophers like Thoma s Hobbe s
and Karl Marx are associated with ma te ria list pers pe c tives .

Idealism: Idealism argues that re ality is funda me nta lly me nta l or

immaterial in nature. Idealists s ugge st tha t the mate ria l world is
dependent on consciousness or me nta l c onstruc ts for its
existence. George Berkeley and Imma nue l Kant are promine nt
figures associated with idealist pe rspe ctive s.
 ETHICS (VIRTUE):
ETHICS, PARTICULARLY IN THE CONTEXT OF
VIRTUE ETHICS, IS A BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY THAT
DEALS WITH QUESTIONS OF MORALITY, VALUES,
AND PRINCIPLES GOVERNING HUMAN BEHAVIOR.
VIRTUE ETHICS, IN PARTICULAR, FOCUSES ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL VIRTUES OR CHARACTER
TRAITS AS THE FOUNDATION OF ETHICAL
BEHAVIOR.

In virtue ethics:

Virtue

Ethical Behavior

Focus on Character

Excellence of Character

Role Models
 ETHICS (VIRTUE):
VIRTUE ETHICS:
VIRTUE ETHICS EMPHASIZES THE CULTIVATION OF
MORAL VIRTUES OR CHARACTER TRAITS AS THE
FOUNDATION OF ETHICAL BEHAVIOR. RATHER
THAN FOCUSING SOLELY ON RULES OR
CONSEQUENCES, VIRTUE ETHICISTS PRIORITIZE
THE DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUES SUCH AS
COURAGE, HONESTY, COMPASSION, AND WISDOM.
THIS PERSPECTIVE SUGGESTS THAT ETHICAL
DECISIONS SHOULD BE GUIDED BY THE
CULTIVATION OF VIRTUOUS CHARACTER TRAITS.
ARISTOTLE'S NICOMACHEAN ETHICS IS A SEMINAL
WORK IN VIRTUE ETHICS.
UTILITARIANISM:
UTILITARIANISM IS A CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICAL
THEORY THAT EVALUATES THE MORALITY OF ACTIONS
BASED ON THEIR CONSEQUENCES, PARTICULARLY THE
MAXIMIZATION OF OVERALL HAPPINESS OR UTILITY.
UTILITARIANS ARGUE THAT THE RIGHT ACTION IS THE
ONE THAT PRODUCES THE GREATEST GOOD FOR THE
GREATEST NUMBER OF PEOPLE. THIS PERSPECTIVE
EMPHASIZES THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING THE
CONSEQUENCES OF ACTIONS WHEN MAKING ETHICAL
DECISIONS. PROMINENT UTILITARIAN PHILOSOPHERS
INCLUDE JEREMY BENTHAM AND JOHN STUART MILL.
PHILOSOPHICAL
FOUNDATIONS OF
MANAGEMENT
(PHDBM711)
END OF SLIDE

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