CMT05105

HEALTH PROMOTION
School health programs
Learning objectives

At the end of this session, each student should be able to:

• Explain school health program
• Identify common conditions/diseases addressed in
school health program
• Identify tools used to conduct school health program
• Prepare schedule for conducting school health program
• Conduct school health activities
• Conduct activity evaluation
Introduction
School health program
• Refers to an organized set of policies, procedures and
activities designed to protect and promote the health
and well-being of students and staff which has
traditionally included health services, healthful school
environment, and health education.
Cont…

School health program

• Is the branch of community health that makes effort in
schools to improve health of children.
Cont…

• The program involves and is supportive of families and

is determined by the local community, based on
community needs, resources, standards, and
requirements.
• School health programs addresses the health need of
children, both physical and mental and in addition it
provide for long lasting health habit.
Objectives of SHP
• To promote health and wellness
• Prevent specific diseases, disorders and injury
• Prevent high risk social behaviour
• Intervene to assist children who are in needs or at risk
• Help support those who are already exhibiting special
health care needs
• Promote positive health and safety behaviours
Note;

• Considering a school being the first opportunity for

many
children to mix with people other than close relatives
and near neighbours, it may represent their first
exposure to a range of infectious diseases .
• SHP could be the most cost-effective means to
improve the health of children and thus to advance
social and economical development
Components of SHP

• Health education
• Physical education
• Nutrition services
• Health services
• Health promotion for staff
• Counseling, psychological, and social services
• Healthful school environment
• Parent and community involvement
Health Education

• Designed to motivate and assist students to maintain

and improve their health, prevent disease, and
reduce health-related risk behaviors.
• Allows students to develop and demonstrate
increasingly sophisticated health-related knowledge,
attitudes, skills, and practices.
• Includes a variety of topics, such as personal health,
environmental health, sexuality education, mental
and emotional health, injury prevention and safety.
Physical Education

• Promotes each student’s optimum physical, mental,

emotional, and social development through a variety of
planned physical activities.
• Promotes activities and sports that all students enjoy
and can pursue throughout their lives.
• Includes such activities as basic movement skills;
physical fitness; rhythms and dance; games; team,
dual, and individual sport
Health Services

• Designed to ensure access or referral to primary health

care services or both.
• Fosters appropriate use of primary health care services.
• Prevents and controls communicable disease and other
health problems.
• Provides emergency care for illness or injury.
• Promotes and provides optimum sanitary conditions for
a safe school facility and school environment.
Health Promotion for Staff

• Encourages school staff to pursue a healthy lifestyle

that contributes to their improved health status,
improved morale, and a greater personal commitment
to the school’s overall comprehensive health program.
Nutrition Services
• Severe acute malnutrition • Marasmic kwashiorkor
vs chronic malnutrition • Stunting
• Marasmus • Underweight
• Kwashiorkor • Overweight
Counseling, Psychological, and Social
Services
• Organizational assessment and consultation skills of
counselors and psychologists contribute not only to the
health of students but also to the health of the school
environment.
Healthful School Environment

• Factors that influence the physical environment include

the school building and the area surrounding it, any
biological or chemical agents that are detrimental to
health should be taken appropriate measures
Parent and Community Involvement

• Builds support for school health program efforts through

school health advisory councils for school health.
• Schools should actively solicit parent involvement and
engage community resources.
Common disease/condition addressed in
school health programs
• Helminthes Infection
• Malnutrition and Dietary behaviours
• Dental disease
• Eye infection
• Micro nutrient deficiency examples: Iron, Iodine ,
vitamin A deficiency
Cont…

• Diarrhea disease
• Alcohol use
• Drug use
• Hygiene
• Mental health
Cont…

• Physical activity
• Sexual behaviours that contribute to HIV infection, other
STI, and unintended pregnancy
• Tobacco use
• Violence and unintentional injury
Tools for conducting school health programs

Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool

• A tool created to help schools to conduct an analysis of
health education curricula based on the National Health
Education Standards.
• This can help schools select or develop appropriate and
effective health education delivery, as well as improve
the delivery of health education
Cont…

Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool

• It is a self-assessment and planning guide, designed to
help schools conduct an analysis of their physical
education curriculum
Cont…

School Health Index

• Self-assessment and planning tool that schools can
use to improve their health and safety policies and
program
Cont…
School Health Profiles
• Is a tool consisting of a system of surveys to assess
school health policies and practices
Cont…

Wellness School Assessment Tool

• Is a tool used to assess the quality of a school wellness
policy
• Provides guidance and resources that can be used to
improve wellness policies
Prepare schedule for conducting school health
program
The following components are used for planning for
conducting school health program:
Cont…

• Identify needs of the community: It is important to

identify needs of the community. This is known as need
assessment which tries to identify what the community
is missing
Cont…

• Students Characteristics: It is also important to

understand the characteristics of learners including
their cultural background. This will enable you to
determine the scope of your community education and
the ways you can be able to interact with the
community.

• Conducive learning conditions

Cont...

The schedule should contain the following contents;

1. Topic/problem (preferably felt problem or need)
2. Objective and scope of training, time, venue,
appropriate teaching materials
3. Training/facilitation methodology
4. Characteristics of the target audience or participants
and their tasks/activities
Conduct school health activities

Running school health activities session, the facilitator

should follow the following process:-
1. Introduce yourself and the topic
2. Provide a summary of the main points to be covered
3. Present the facts and other information showing
relevant visual aids when appropriate
4. Speak loud and clear so that every participant can
hear well.
Cont…

5. Try not to be distracting by too much moving around,

hands in pockets or mannerisms such clipping fingers,
jangling keys
6. Keep constant watch on the reactions of the group to
your facilitation.
Look around for signs of misunderstanding or
boredom in the class.
Actively encourage questions and opinions.
Cont...

7. Provide practical assignments or reading to follow on

from the training method.
Hand-outs listing the main points are often useful.
8. Summarize the session by highlighting and
emphasizing the must to know matters.
9. Evaluate the training session by asking questions or
setting a task.
Methods for conducting school health
activities
1.Group discussion- Is a collection of more than one
person in a face to face situation working together on a
task that require collaboration and co-operation in order
to attain a certain goal.
Cont…

2.Lecture discussion- Is an approach which involves

the teacher, talking to the students about the subject
content where there is two way communication and
examination of ideas.
Cont…

3.Role play- This is the use of drama in which

participants act out situations for themselves in order to
acquire communication and problem solving skills and
understand situations.
Role play is a direct way of learning where by a
participant is given a role and has to think, internalize
and speak immediately without detailed planning.
Cont…

4.Simulations- Is a teaching method where teachers or

students use something in a place of a real thing.
5.Case study- is a scenario or problem written in the
form of a story.
It presents an issue relating to an event, activity, or
problem, which students are asked to research,
debate, and/or solve.
Cont...
6.Group work- This can be a small group consisting of 2
to 50 participants.
For groups of 2 to 20 there are opportunities for
participants to participate in learning process.
Cont...

7.Buzz group- It is a relatively small group of

participants divided into smaller group of about 3 to 5,
usually to discuss a problem or situation for a short
time say 5 minutes
8.Brain storming – Is a problem solving technique used
to generate a number of ideas from learners /trainee in
a short time approximately 5-10 minutes.
Cont…

9.Demonstration- is a teaching method where teacher

performs an instructional activity systematically and
scientifically in the presence of his/her students in
order to show them how to do a task.
10.Assignment-is a task or activity assigned to learners.
Cont...

11.Lecture – Is an approach, which involves the teacher

talking to the students or participants about the subject
content where there is little or no chance of
participant to participate into the learning process.
Cont…

12.Drama or popular theatre- This is one of the

methods used in providing health education to various
target audiences.
A drama group may visit a community and develops the
drama in discussing local health issues and suggesting
solutions.
Program Evaluation

• Evaluation: It is the way that determines whether an

initiative has achieved its intended goals and objectives
or has been able to deliver what was intended and
expected results. OR
• It can also be defined as the activities, which
systematically examine a program input, process,
output, or outcome.
Cont…

WHAT TO EVALUATE.
Evaluation may be addressed to various aspect of the
programs including goals and objective, implementation,
effect on participants and cost effectiveness etc.
Importance of evaluation
Evaluation helps to:
• Provide information to policy-makers, sponsors,
planners, administrators and participant about the
implementation and effect of the programme.
• Provide feedback to those involved in project planning
to determine which parts of the programme are working
well and which are not.
Cont…

• Make improvements or adjustments in the process of

implementation.
• Value the effort of schools, parents and communities.
• Document experience gained from the project so that it
can be shared with others
Cont…

• Evaluation is a critical element of a school-based

programme that must be considered from the outset
and remain on-going.
• The groundwork for evaluation is laid at the very
beginning of the implementation process when needs
are assessed, objectives set and activities planned.
• At the same time, an evaluation plan and monitoring
mechanism should be established to track progress in
accomplishing the goals and objectives.
Cont…

• During the course of the implementation, evaluation is

necessary to monitor the process in order to make
adjustments or corrections where needed.
• At the end, or after a pre-determined time period,
evaluation activities assess the results and impact of
the interventions and determine if the programme needs
to be improved. The cycle will then start again with the
question of what further change is desirable.
Measure the program outcomes and impact

• Did the program achieve its stated objectives

• Did it reach its intended outcome
• Was the size of outcome answered objectives as
expected
• Did the program have unexpected or unintended
consequences
• Are outcomes consistent with those of similar
programs?
Types of evaluation

• There are two main types of evaluation which are most

relevant to evaluating school health programmes:
process and outcome evaluation.
• Process Evaluation : - This type of evaluation assesses
how well the interventions are being implemented.
Process evaluation should be ongoing to determine what
interventions have actually been delivered, to whom and
when. This will help to assess progress toward the
programme’s goals and objectives.
Cont...

• Evaluation of the planning, development and

implementation
processes of the programme provides information on
which mid-course adjustments can be made and
documentation for others who want to learn from the
implementation process. Methods for process evaluation
involve tallies, record keeping by schools and interviews
with teachers, school administrators and others.
Cont...

• Outcome evaluation measures whether and to what

extent outcome objectives have been achieved. It is
concerned with the effect of the interventions and helps
to determine whether any changes have occurred
following the implementation of a programme
• It measure the impact of the program to target group
Process evaluation

Identifying stakeholders
• Who are the stakeholder in the project
• Include all who are involved in the project
• Project team member
• The intended beneficiaries
• Who will use evaluation findings
Cont…

Understanding the goals of the project

• Plan should explain the context of the project and its
important
• Tell the objective of the project
Cont...

Developing evaluation plan

o Ask questions pertaining to five E‘s
• Efficacy : find out if the project worked
• Efficiency : find out if resource are used appropriately
• Elegance : if it done in pleasing way
• Effectiveness : it the project attained its long goal
• Ethicality: if ethics were taken into considerations
Cont...

Analyzing data
Organize the data in a way that bring sense. For
example, An interviewer develops a chart with date of
interview, a person interviewed, a role of person in the
in the project
Examining the outcome
o Compare the expected outcome into the actual
outcome
Cont...

• The value of evaluations is increased if the results are

reported using repeatedly the same objective criteria to
ensure continuity and comparability.
• Evaluation reports should be designed to contain
interesting and easily understandable material for many
individuals and groups, including school staff,
community members and families
Prepare and conduct school health programs

• In groups prepare a lesson to be learnt

by school children about any condition
we discussed