PREPARING

CHAPTER 3
Presentation by Ms. Lucana
 • Research Design
• Sources of Data
• Population and Sampling
• Locale of the Study
PARTS • Research Instrument and
Validation
• Data Gathering Procedure
• Statistical Treatment
 RESEARCH DESIGN
A plan, structure, strategy of investigation used to
carrying out a research project. The function of a
research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained
enables you to effectively address the research problem
as unambiguously as possible.

A research design is a strategy for answering

your research question using empirical data.
QUANTITATIVE
VS
QUALITATIVE
 QUANTITATIVE
Requires reduction of phenomena to
numerical values to carry out statistical
analysis
Starts with verbal data which must be
translated into numbers for the quantitative
analysis to be carried out
Survey-questionnaire is
the common method in
implementing a
quantitative research
 QUALITATIVE
 Concerned with human experience or personal life world
 Involves collecting data in the form of naturalistic verbal
reports and conduct of analysis which is textual
 Interpreting what the text means more than finding out
its numerical properties
 Engaged in exploring, describing and interpreting the
personal and social experiences of participants
 Common methods in implementing a Qualitative research

Focus Group Discussion Interview

Mixed-Method research
• Class of research where the researcher mixes
or combines quantitative and qualitative
research techniques (Johnson and
Onwuegbuzie (2004)
– Mixed method research- researcher uses
the qualitative paradigm for one phase of
the study and the quantitative paradigm
for another phase of the study
Mixed model research- researcher mixes both
qualitative and quantitative research approaches
within the stage of the study or
 SOURCES OF DATA
In research, the required information could be taken
from primary and secondary sources of data.

Primary Data can be gathered through OBSERVATION, INTERVIEW OR QUESTIONNAIRE

Secondary Data can be gathered through books, article, journals, published research etc.
LOCALE OF THE STUDE
Description of where the study will
be conducted.
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT AND
VALIDATION
In the most common way, it is in a survey-
questionnaire form. The researcher will explain or
describe the order or arrangement of parts of the
survey and what data it intends to gather.
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT AND
VALIDATION
Validation of the Research Instruments:
1. Consultation with experts
2. Pre testing to at least 5 individuals that resemble
the characteristics of the intended respondents but WHO
WILL NOT BE THE ACTUAL RESPONDENTS
3. Item analysis
1. Survey-Questionnaire
Questionnaire is a list of questions intended to provide answers to
the problems of the study
GUIDELINES IN CONSTRUCTING THE QUESTIONNAIRE:
1. Clearly define and individually list the research
questions/objectives
2. List all relevant questions or hypotheses that need to be answered
3. For each question/problem, list the information required to answer
it
4. Construct the questions that you want to ask of your respondents
to obtain the needed information
5. Use simple language
6. Do not use ambiguous statements or questions
 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

This is the actual process of collecting data relevant to

your research study. This may include:
• Survey-questionnaire
• Interview (structured and unstructured)
• Observation (participant and non-participant)
 STATISTICAL TREATMENT
Statistical treatment of data is taking raw data and
turning it into something that can be interpreted and
used to make decisions. Most common are:
1. Weighted Mean
2. Frequency and Percentage Distribution
3. Ranking System
Note: There are lots of statistical treatment in the
internet, you are free to research more.
1.Weighted Mean
The mean of a dataset is the sum of all values divided by the
total number of values.

Where: X = Mean
= sum of all scores
N = Number of cases
Sample in computing the weighted mean:
A survey scale represents a set of answer options—either numeric or
verbal—that cover a range of opinions on a topic. It’s always part of
a closed-ended question (a question that presents respondents with pre-
populated answer choices).

Sample scale:
Range Interpretation
3.00 -2.00 Highly Aware
1.99-1.00 Moderately Aware
0.99-0.01 Unaware
2. Frequency and Percentage Distribution
Used to determine the percentage usually for data on profile
(e.g age, gender)

Where: % = Percent
f = frequency
N = Number of cases
2. Ranking System
Ranking is a question response format used
when a researcher is interested in establishing
some type of priority among a set of objects

A formula is not required when

using the ranking system.
 Watch this youtube video on HOW TO WRITE DATA PROCESSING AND
STATISTICAL TREATMENT

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjpwK_0Ym7E
 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
In statistics, population is the entire set of
items from which you draw data for a statistical
study. It can be a group of individuals, a set of
items, etc.
A sample is defined as a smaller and more
manageable representation of a larger
group. A subset of a larger population that
contains characteristics of that population.