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C H O (Och) COOH (OH) Co + H Nrcooh C H O (Och) COOH (OH) C Nrcooh + H O
C H O (Och) COOH (OH) Co + H Nrcooh C H O (Och) COOH (OH) C Nrcooh + H O
C52H46O10(OCH3)COOH(OH)4CO + H2NRCOOH
C52H46O10(OCH3)COOH(OH)4 C=NRCOOH + H2O According to Waksman; 1. HS not specific cpds but a mixture of cpds non specific nature like cellulose, hemicellulose, fats, waxes etc. 2. Artificial cpds formed by the action of alkali solutions on the soil Waksman in his book Humus (1937, page 157) There is no doubt now that this complex originates mainly from the lignin constituents of plant residues, by various biological and chemical modifications; this fraction may, therefore, be included in the lignin group
11. Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition and Reactions. By Stevenson, F. J., 1982.
12. Cycles of Soil: C, N, P, S and Micronutrients By Stevenson, F. J., 1985.
Soil Components
Organic Matter (OM) versus Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Organic Matter (OM) the material of which organisms are composed. The material may be alive or dead, and may be found in the atmosphere, in organisms, or in the water and soil. OM may be from plant or animal tissues that contain C. There are many types of organic matter, and the C content varies widely.
Humus
well-decomposed organic material dark brown, amorphous stable
Humus - Structure
colloids of polymeric nature structure: aromatic ring of di- or tri- hydroxy phenol type bridges: -O, -CH2-, -NH-, -N=, -S-
4. Lignin and their derivatives precursors of lignin Decomposition products 5. Tannins in simple and condensed form 6. Resins and terpenes 7. Organic acids, aromatic cpds, hydrocarbons, alcohol and related cpds
Methylglyoxal
Low concentrations of free amino acids in the soil solution oAmino acids, peptides, and proteins bound to clay minerals and humic colloids oMucopeptides and teichoic acids originating from bacterial cell walls Other (trace) Humic substances (up to 80%) Most active fraction of humus Series of highly acidic, yellow-to black-colored, polyeloctrolytes call humic and fulvic acids
Soils with high organic matter content are the most productive, store more water and contribute to a better environment.
The Soil Biology Primer (Chapter 1): By Elaine R. Ingham and Small Organisms in the Soil Affect the Environment in Big Ways: www.iaswcd.org 29
Laterite Soil
Alluvial Soil
0.23 6.29
0.28 3.18
1.88
0.95
0.8 6.5
0.2 1.7 20 98 1.5 6.5 1.5 5.0 1.5 5.0 1.5 3.0
3.0
1.0 80.0 4.0 3.0 3.5 2.0
4. The Van Bemmelen conversion factor is an average: The actual range in nature is between 0.2 and 3.0.
or lime) as calcareous dust fall, from weathering of limestone and concrete, agricultural application, construction in cities, traffic on gravel roads, exposure of unweathered calcareous rock in mine spoil and pits, and from marl formation in wetland soils by periphyton algae in/under calcium-rich waters.
We directly measure total C by combustion at 550C, then
subtract the content of inorganic C measured by CO2 37 evolution to get the organic carbon portion.