What is

What is Electronics?
Electronics?

-The study of electron behavior and

movement in vacuum,air, and semiconductor.

What is
What is Electron?
Electron?

-Negatively charged particle found in an

atom.
What is
What is Electron
Electron Charged?
Charged?

Negative -1.602 X 10^(-19) Coulomb.

Proton Charged
Positive +1.602 X 10^(-19) Coulomb.

What is
What is Electron
Electron Mass?
Mass?
Has a mass of 9.109 X 10^(-31) Kg.

Proton Mass – is 1.67 X 10^(-27) Kg.

What is
What is Voltage(V)(E)?
Voltage(V)(E)?
- It is also called electromotive force
(emf).It is the force that pushes the electrons.
What is
What is Current(I)?
Current(I)?
- it is the flow of an electrons.
What is
What is Resistance(R)?
Resistance(R)?
- the opposition to the flow of an
electrons is called resistance.
 Unit of Resistance

The unit of resistance is “OHMS”

Omega Symbol Ω
1,000 Ohms = 1K Ω
1,000,000 Ohms = 1M Ω
What is
What is RESISTOR?
RESISTOR?
- It is an electronic component made up of
materials with sensitive properties against the
flow of electric current. Ohms measure the unit of
resistance.
The resistance value of Resistor is color-coded.
There are four-color bands printed on the body of a
Resistor. Each color represents a number. The color
band, which closest to the left hand position of the
resistor, is the first color. An easy way to determine the
first left hand color band is that of the color itself.
 Types of Resistor

1. Carbon
2. Wire wound
3. Cement
4. Film
Physical Appearance of Resistor
Resistor Example Value Power Rating of Resistor
1/8 W
1
1.2 ¼w
1.5 ½w
1.8
2
¾w
1W
2.2 2W
2.7 3 w
3.3 5w
3.9
10 w
4.7
5.6 20 w
6.8 30 w
8.2
Schematic Symbol

Fixed Resistor

Variable Resistor
 3rd band
Colour 1 band 2 band
st nd
4th band (tolerance)
(multiplier)
Black 0 0 ×100
Brown 1 1 ×101 ±1% (F)
Red 2 2 ×102 ±2% (G)
Orange 3 3 ×103
Yellow 4 4 ×104
Green 5 5 ×105 ±0.5% (D)
Blue 6 6 ×106 ±0.25% (C)
Violet 7 7 ×107 ±0.1% (B)
Gray 8 8 ×108 ±0.05% (A)
White 9 9 ×109
Gold ×0.1 ±5% (J)
Silver ×0.01 ±10% (K)
None ±20% (M)
Resistor Color Coding
2nd 4th

1st 3rd

1st band - stands for first significant digit

2nd band - stands for second significant digit
3rd band – represent the number of zero after the two digits
4th band – represent tolerance
Resistor Color Coding Example:
2nd 4th

1st 3rd

We read the following color bands as:

1st Band 2nd Band 3rd Band 4th Band

Brown Green Red Gold

 2nd 4th

1st 3rd

1st Band 2nd Band 3rd Band 4th Band

Brown Green Red
Gold
1 5 00 +/- 5%

The value of the resistor is

1500 Ω or 1.5 K Ω
The tolerance of the resistor is plus or minus 5% (Gold).

The 5% of 1500 is 75, therefore the acceptable values of that

Resistor are plus or minus 75 or between 1425 Ohms to 1575 Ohms.

Computation:

1500 – 75 = 1425

1500 + 75 = 1575
WHAT IS CAPACITOR?
- An electronic component that has the
ability to store electrical charges or voltages.
Capacitors were called condensers earlier. A
good basic understanding of the characteristics of
a capacitor will help develop your troubleshooting
capabilities.
- Capacitors have low resistance to AC. It
means that AC can pass through a capacitor. A
signal, or example is AC in its form and it can
pass a capacitor. Capacitors have high
resistance to DC. In other words they block DC.
TYPES OF CAPACITORS…
1. Electrolytic 2. Mylar
3. Polyester 4. Air
5. Mica 6. Tantalum
7. Ceramic 8. Paper
 Unit of Capacitance
The unit of Capacitance is “FARAD”

But FARAD is big value that’s why we

usually use the prefixes MICRO or “μ”
And Pico or simply “p”

1 μFarad is equal to 1 X 10^(-6) Farad

1 pFarad is equal to 1 X 10^(-12) Fara
Physical Appearance
of Capacitor
Capacitor Example Value Voltage Rating of Capacitor

Electrolytic Mylar 6.3V

1 101 10V
2.2 102 16V
3.3 103 25V
4.7 104 35V
10 204 50V
150 222 100V
470 272 160V
680 333 200V
1000 473 250V
474 350V
450V
 Schematic Symbol

Ceramic and Mylar

Electrolytic

Variable Capacitor
Ceramic and Mylar Capacitor Value

102 = .001 μF
103 = .01 μF
104 = .1 μF
101 = 100 pF
WHAT
WHAT IS
IS DIODE?
DIODE?
Permit current to flow in but one direction (forward
bias). Used to rectify AC, Allow current to flow into a
circuit but block its return

Types
Types of
of DIODE:
DIODE:
1. Rectifier Diode
2. Zener Diode
3. Light Emitting Diode
 Diode Construction

P-Type Material N-Type Material

A K
Schematic
Schematic Symbol
Symbol of
of DIODES
DIODES

Anode Cathode

A K

Rectifier Zener

LED
Physical Appearance of Diode
 Forward Voltage Drop

0.7V for Silicon Diode

0.7V V

0.3V for Germanium Diode 0.3V V

ZENER
ZENER DIODES
DIODES
The zener diode is a voltage regulator. In this
typical circuit, voltage exceeding the diode’s breakdown
voltage is shunted to ground. Zener can also protect
voltage sensitive components and provide a convenient
reference voltage.

The Zener Diode is unique compared to other

diodes in that it is designed to operate reverse balance
in the avalanche or breakdown region. The device is
used as a regulator, coupling device and in other
function.
What is LED?

LED stands for Light Emitting Diode, that is,

emit light when an electric current passes
through them

Caution:
Never connect an LED directly to a Battery
Or Power Supply!
Calculating an LED resistor value

Ohm’s Law says that the resistance of the resistor R=V/I

V= voltage across the resistor(Vs-Vl in this case)
I= The current through the resistor

So: R=(Vs-Vl)/I

Where: Vs-Supply Voltage

Vl-LED Voltage rating
I- LED Current rating
 IF VF VF VR Luminous
Type Colour Viewing
Wavelength
max. typ. ma ma intensity angle
x. x.

Standard Red 30mA 1.7V 2.1V 5V 5mcd @ 10mA 60° 660nm

Standard Bright 30mA 2.0V 2.5V 5V 80mcd @ 10mA 60° 625nm

red

Standard Yellow 30mA 2.1V 2.5V 5V 32mcd @ 10mA 60° 590nm

Standard Green 25mA 2.2V 2.5V 5V 32mcd @ 10mA 60° 565nm

High Blue 30mA 4.5V 5.5V 5V 60mcd @ 20mA 50° 430nm

intensity

Super Red 500mcd @

30mA 1.85V 2.5V 5V 60° 660nm
bright 20mA

Low Red 30mA 1.7V 2.0V 5V 5mcd @ 2mA 60° 625nm

current
 Physical Appearance of Transistor

WHAT
WHAT IS
IS TRANSISTOR?
TRANSISTOR?
a semiconductor device with three connections,
capable to amplify signal, in digital circuit it is use as a
switch.
Two Uses of Transistor
1. Switching
2. Amplifier

Three Kinds of Transistor

1. UJT- Uni-Junction Transistor
2. BJT- Bipolar Junction Transistor
3. FET-Field Effect Transistor
Schematic
Schematic Symbol
Symbol of
of Transistors
Transistors

BJT FET

NPN PNP N-Channel P-Channel

 BJT Construction

P-Type Material N-Type Material P-Type Material

P N P
 BJT Construction

N-Type Material P-Type Material N-Type Material

N P N
 Physical Appearance of Transistor

WHAT
WHAT IS
IS IC?
IC?
an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of
semiconducting material, performing the same function
as a larger circuit made from discrete components.