Ang Kaalaman at

Karunungan

Ang Konsepto ng
Meron ni Roque
Ferriols
 Paghahambing at Pagtutulad:
Karunungan --------- Kaalaman

Pangatwiranan ang bawat pahayag

 Hindi pareho ang kaalaman sa karunungan.
 Hindi maaaring tawaging marunong ang taong
maraming alam. Mas malawak ang sakop ng
karunungan.
 Napapaloob lamang sa karunungan ang kaalaman.
Tradisyunal na Depenisyon ng Pilosopiya

– agham na tumatalakay sa pinakahuling sanhi ng mga bagay sa

pamamagitan lamang ng liwanang ng talino

– Halimbawa: Tuwing tag-init, alam ng hardinero na uusbong ang

mga napakagandang bulaklak na dilaw na Golden Showers, ngunit
hindi niya inaalam ang dahilan kung bakit may ganitong katangian
ang mga bulaklak na ito. May ganitong alam din ang marunong na
tao, ngunit may higit siyang alam – ang bakit ng mga bagay.
Siguradong palatanong kayo noong bata pa kayo.
Hindi ba mahirap sagutin ang ilan ninyong tanong?
Kailangan ang malalimang pag-aaral upang masagot
ang mga bakit ninyo noong bata pa kayo. Ganyan
ang gawain ng pilosopo. Kailangang dumating siya
sa sagot ng pinakahuling bakit upang magkaroon
siya ng kaganapan. Kailangang tuklasin niya ang
hangganan ng isip.
Tinutuklas ng hangganang ito ang bakit ng mga bagay o ang
pinakawakas na sanhi ng mga ito. Ang kaniyang isip o talino
ang ginagamit niya upang tuklasin ang bakit ng mga bagay.
Nakabatay sa tanong na ito ang lahat ng mga nangyayari sa
agham, sining, industriya o pamahalaan. Mahalagang sagutin
ang tanong na bakit upang mapagaan o mapadali ang mga
sagot sa tanong na ano, sino, saan, kalian, paano.
Halimbawa:
Kung malinaw na sa iyo kung bakit gusto mong maging guro,
madali mo ng matutukoy ang mga sagot sa tanong na ano,
sino, saan, kalian, paano. ... Kaya mahalaga ang gawi (habit) ng
pagtatanong.
Itanong muli: Paano uusbong ang pagmamahal sa karunungan? Ano
ang katangian ng pamimilosopiya
bilang pagmamahal sa karunungan?

– Tulad ng pakikipagkaibigan, natutuhan ang

depinisyon ng pilosopiya (bilang
pagmamahal sa karunungan) habang
ginagawa ang pamimilosopiya
Tulad ng pakikipagkaibigan, nagsisimula ang
pamimilosopiya sa pagiging bukas sa karanasan
arawaraw at sa pagmumuni sa karanasang ito. Dito
maglilinaw ang kahulugan ng karanasang ito sa
kaniyang buhay. Makikita rito ang dalawang kilos ng
pamimilosopiya – ang pagiging bukas sa epekto sa
sarili ng karanasan at pagmumuni rito.
Sa pakikipagkaibigan, nagkakaroon ka ng interes na
makilala ang kaibigan nang higit. Ang mayroon kang
kaunting alam tungkol sa kaniya, gusto mong madagdagan.
Gusto mong palaguin ang mayroon kang alam. Tinawag ng
pilosopong Roque Ferriols ang mayroong ito na “meron” –
ibig sabihin, nangyayari ang isang bagay.
Pag-iral ang ibig sabihin ng “may” samantalang
isang takdang lugar naman ang “roon” o “doon”.
Halimbawa, mayroon akong sorpresa. Mayroon
siyang binuong awit. Pinaikling “mayroon” din ang
meron – “Meron akong sorpresa.” “Meron siyang
binuong awit.”
“This is patently absurd; but whoever
wishes to become a philosopher must
learn not to be frightened by absurdities”
- Bertrand Russell
 Takdang-Aralin

Magdala ng gunting at makulay na

papel.
Magsagawa ng interbyu sa iyong ina
hinggil sa pagluluto ng iyong
paboritong ulam.
Ang Konsepto ng
Meron bilang batayan
ng Pag-iral
Ang Meron bilang Pangngalan

– Ang meron ay pangngalan na tumatayo para

sa mga bagay na talagang nangyayari

Meron ang ibon.

Meron ang hangin.
Meron ang Edsa People Power.
Ang meron bilang Pang-uri

Pang-uri rin ang meron na naglalarawan sa

isang bagay.

Ang ibon ay meron.

Ang hangin ay meron.
Ngunit higit pa riyan ang meron.
Kapag binigkas ang meron, hindi
lamang nito sinasabing umiiral ang
isang bagay. Pinag-uusapan din nito
ang kalagayan ng kaniyang pag-iral
bilang dinamiko, patuloy at laging
bago.
Gawain : Paggupit ng isang hugis bilang paglalarawan ng
meron.
(Layunin nito na mahinuha ng mga mag-aaral ang mga
katangian ng meron bilang kumakatawan sa pag-iral).
a. Pagupitin ang bawat mag-aaral ng anumang hugis na
gusto nila.

Paano ipaliliwanag ang meron gamit ang papel at

gunting?
Gawain : Pagluluto ng espesyal na ulam.

a. May kaugnayan ba ang pagluluto ng

ulam sa pamimilosopiya? Patunayan.
b. Ano-ano ang mahihinuha sa
karanasan ng pagluluto ng ulam?
– a. Kailangan ang pagdanas sa pagluluto. Kailangang pagdaanan ang
mga prosesong ito:
–  Pagpapasiya ng ulam na lulutuin

–  Pagtukoy ng mga lahok (ingredients)

–  Pamamalengke (kasama ang pagkilala ng sariwang lahok sa hindi)
–  Aktuwal na pagluluto

Iba pala ang pagdanas ng pagluluto

kaysa kakainin lamang ang ulam.
Tulad ng pamimilosopiya,
kailangan ang pagdanas ng
karanasan upang magkaroon ng
pagkamalay (awareness) tungo sa
pagkakaroon ng karunungan.
 Gawain 4: Ano Ang mga Dapat Kong
Ipagpasalamat?
Maaaring naisagawa na nila ang pagmumuni sa isang tahimik
na lugar tulad ng ilalim ng puno o silid -aklatan. Isulat sa
journal ang sagot sa mga sumusunod:
a. Ano-ano sa mga nangyari kahapon ang dapat kong
ipagpasalamat? Sino-sino ang dapat kong pasalamatan at
bakit?
b. Alin sa mga nangyari kahapon ang nais kong baguhin o
ipagpatuloy? Paano ko isasagawa ito?
 Mahahalagang Konsepto:

-Mahalagang makilala na wala tayong magagawa o

mapagtatagumpayan kung hindi tumulong ang iba.
-Ang pagkilala ng mga gawaing dapat baguhin o
ipagpatuloy ay nakatutulong sa pagpapabuti ng
pagkatao. Ang kamalayan sa mga ito ang simula ng
positibong pagtingin sa sarili at pagpapaunlad ng
pakikipagkapuwa.
 Gawain : Paghahanap ng Ugat na Tanong.
Sa kuwaderno, isulat ang isang tanong na nakababagabag sa sarili.
Halimbawa:
Bakit kailangang mag-impok? Ito ang Paunang Problema. Gabay nila ang halimbawa sa
ibaba:

Paunang Problema: Masaya ako dahil nakakaipon ako mula sa aking allowance.

Bakit masaya? Dahil nagagawa kong magtipid kahit maliit lang ang perang baon ko
Bakit ako nagtitipid? Dahil kailangan kong magtabi ng pera para sa iba kong
pangangailangan
Bakit kailangang magtabi ng pera Upang hindi na ako hihingi kay Nanay ng pambili ng ibang gamit
Bakit hindi ka na hihingi ng Upang matustusan ni Nanay at Tatay ang pangangailangan ni bunso
pambili ng ibang gamit?
Bakit kailangang tustusan ni Nanay Dahil mahal naming si Bunso
at Tatay ang pangangailangan ni Bunso?
Bakit namin mahal si Bunso? Dahil mahalaga sa amin ang kapakanan ng aming pamilya
Bakit mahalaga ang pamilya?
a. Ang proseso ng tanong-sagot ay proseso ng
paglilinaw ng esenya o ugat ng paksa.
Nararating nang unti-unti ang ano sa likod ng
lahat ng problema sa pamamagitan ng
paghihimay at pagsusuri sa paunang
problema, lumalim o lumaki man ito
Introduction to the Philosophy of
the Human Person
Corpuz et. al (2016)
 Chapter 1: Understanding
Philosophy by Doing It
“ Like all activities, philosophizing is something which is easier
to do than to define. After you have begun to engage in this
activity, you might want to try to define it yourself.”
(Ferriols, 2001)

“To truly understand what philosophy is, we must immerse

ourselves in it (Heidegger, 1958).
 Lesson 1: A Holistic Perspective: A
Philosopher’s Way
“ When someone is seeking…it happens quite easily that he only
sees the thing that he is seeking: that he is unable to find
anything, unable to absorb anything, because he is only thinking
of the thing he is seeking, because he has a goal, because he is
obsessed with his goal. Seeking means to have a goal; but
finding means to be free, to be receptive, to have no goal. You, O
worthy one, are perhaps indeed a seeker, for in striving towards
your goal, you do not see many things that are under your nose.”
-Siddhartha Herman Hesse
Six Blind Men and the Elephant
(Indian Legend)
John Godfrey Saxe
It was six men of Indostan
To learning much inclined
Who went to see the elephant
(Though all of them were blind)
That each by observation
Mighty satisfy his mind
 The first approached the Elephant
And happening to fall
Against his broad and sturdy side,
At once began to bawl:
“God bless me! But the elephant
Is very like a WALL!”

The Second, feeling of the tusk,

Cried, -”Ho! What have we here
So very round and smooth and sharp?
To me ‘this mighty clear
This wonder of an Elephant
Is very like a SPEAR!
 The Third approached the animal,
And happening to take
The squirming trunk within his hands,
Thus boldly up and spake:
“I see,” quote he, :the Elephant
Is very like a SNAKE!”

The Fourth reached out his eager hand,

And fell about the knee
“What most this wondrous beast like
Is mighty plain,” quote he,
“Tis clear enough the Elephant
“Is very like a TREE!”
The Fifth who chanced to touch the ear,
Said: “E’en the blindest man
Can tell what this resembles most;
Deny the fact who can,
This marvel of an Elephant
Is very like a FAN!”

The Sixth no sooner had begun

About the beast to grope,
The, seizing on the swimming tail
That fell within his scope,
“I see,” quote he, “The Elephant
Is very like a ROPE!”
 And so these men of Indostan
Disputed loud and long,
Each in his own opinion
Exceeding stiff and strong,
Though each was partly in the right,
And all were in the wrong!

MORAL.
So oft in theologic wars,
The disputants, I ween
Rail on in utter ignorance
Of what each other mean,
And prate about an Elephant
Not one of them has seen.
 FAN

WALL

SPEAR

ROPE

SNAKE

TREE
 Group Activity: Discuss your answer to
the following questions
1. Did anyone among the blind men give the correct answer? Why or
why not?
2. In the context of the Elephant story, what do you think is holistic
perspective? What is a partial point of view?
3. What is the importance of holistic perspective as pointed out by the
poet John Godfrey Saxe?
4. In the last stanza, John Godfrey Saxe related the legend to religious
wars during his time. What do you think is John Godfrey Saxe trying
to say in this poem?
Abstraction: Philosophy and It’s
Holistic Approach
A philosopher’s way of thinking can de described as ABSTRACTIVE.

It rises from the level of everyday life to a higher

level that gives a bird’s eye view of the whole
VS
 When you were on the ground, you see roads and buildings and all that make up the
busy everyday life, one at a time.

When you were up there, you not only see the same roads and buildings from a different
perspective, but you see all of them, all at the same time.

Moreover, you also see how they are connected to each other. This is what we mean by seeing
things from a holistic perspective.

All- inclusive
Rounded
Full
Complete
General
whole
Like the Elephant, the different parts may seen as
separate and different from each other. Only when
the blind men learn to perceive the elephant as a
whole would they appreciate how each part makes
up one thing. Not one of the blind men was able to
give a correct answer. Each answer was far from
what is true. We come closer to the truth about a
thing or someone when we look at that thing or
person from various perspectives.
What makes Greek civilization so special for
philosophy?
If today we have airplanes, satellites or spaceships that
would allow us to see the world from a holistic point of
view, these great Greek thinkers in the past used their
minds to see the whole.
They had insights.

Insight means seeing with the mind (Ferriols, 2001).

The ancient philosophers asked the question, “ What
makes us all connected to each other? What makes us one?
What underlies everything that exists?
By sensing the harmony in the
movements of heavenly bodies , he
deduced the relationships of things
in the universe. He said that
everything is related to each other
because everything that exists
contains water

-The Father of Geometry

 Our aim is to understand how a
philosophical mind moves.
This means that to be able to think philosophically, you must learn to
look beyond what is immediately before you.

Moreover, you must learn to see how things is related to everything else.
This is the mark of a holistic perspective.

The movement from everyday experience towards a more holistic point

of view is a salient characteristic of philosophical thinking.
Based on what you learned on the holistic
approach of philosophy, why is a panel discussants
or presenters usually invited to share their views
on a burning issue? It is not enough to listen to just
one discussant or presenter? What is the wisdom
behind panel discussions?
Lesson 2: What it means
to be a philosopher?
 Group Discussion
Activity
1. When you describe someone as pilosopo what do you mean?
2.How do you feel when someone call you pilosopo? Why do you feel that way?

Analysis
1. Analyze the meaning of pilosopo based on experiences shared. Do you agree
with the meanings associated with the word pilosopo?
2. With what should the word pilosopo be associated? Why
Before you entered this subject, you must have heard or
used a number of jokes about philosophers. Philosophers
have been the object of laughter as long as the world can
remember.

Thales, himself, was known to have been laughed at one

day when he was busily gazing up the heavens, and fell
into a cistern.
Greek philosopher, Socrates, was comically
portrayed by the comedian Aristophanes. He said
that Socrates, and all other philosophers are ugly
and unkempt because they have no time to
bathe. They have a big tongue and they teach the
young rebellious thoughts that encourage them
to beat their fathers (Nussbaum, 1997)
 In our context, we have used the term
pilosopo to refer to someone who asks a lot of
questions, many of which are judged as nonsense
or out-of-this-world. We often do not take a
pilosopo seriously because we think of them as
simply trying to get attention by annoying others.

But is this really a philosopher is?

In the Philippines, the term PILOSOPO connotes the image of a
comical, and sometimes annoying character. It is often used to
describe someone who plays with words, or twists
commonsensical reasoning in order to come across as funny.

Sometimes pilosopo is also described as KSP (kulang sa pansin)

because their incessant questioning gives the impression that
they are desperate for attention
 Is a pilosopo what we mean by a philosopher?
YES NO
Playing with words and Because he/she does not play
overturning usual forms of with words or twist reasoning just
reasoning in order to view things for the fun of it.
in different way
If he/she asks them from a genuine If he/she raises questions often
confusion, astonishment and wonder with intention of showing off that
-personal questions that deeply touch he/she singularly smart and
philosophers understanding of meaning
of life inquisitive.
 Recalling Pilosopo Tasyo
"Dapat bigyang dangal ang isang mabuting tao habang
buhay pa kaysa kung patay na." Pilosopo Tasyo (Kab. 14)
“Ang bayan po'y di dumaraing dahil siya'y pipi, di
tumitinang dahil natutulog. Subali't darating ang panahong
malalantad ito sa inyo atmapapakinggan ang kanyang mga
panaghoy. Pagsapit ng araw na ito,... sasambulat sa lahat
ng dako ang mga naipong luha; himutok at buntong-
hiningang matagal na panahong kinimkim sa puso ng
bayan." - Pilosopo Tasyo (kab. 25)
"Tingnan mo ang mahinang tangkay na iyan. Siya'y
yumuyuko kapag umiihip ang hangin na parang
ikinakanlong ang sarili. Sapagkat kung siya'y
magpapakatigas sa tayo, mababakli siya at
malalagas ang kanyang mga talulot. Kaya
pararaanin niya ang hangin saka siya muling
tutuwid na taglay ang kanyang mga talulot. " -
Pilosopo Tasyo (Kab. 25)
Assignment: Explain comprehensively the following
statements:
1. Science is what you know, and philosophy is what
you don’t know.
-Bertrand Russell
2.”If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is
necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as
far as possible, all things.”
-Rene Descartes
phi·los·o·phy (fəˈläsəfē)
-the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality,
and existence, especially when considered as an academic
discipline.
a particular system of philosophical thought.
– thinking, thought, reasoning
 Philosophy
Philos/Philein SOPHIA

LOVE WISDOM
 What is the love of wisdom?

Socrates was a widely recognized and

controversial figure in his native
Athens, so much so that he was
frequently mocked in the plays of
comic dramatists. (The Clouds of
Aristophanes, produced in 423, is the
best-known example.).
SOCRATES (C.470-399 B.C)
 Although Socrates himself wrote nothing, he is depicted in
conversation in compositions by a small circle of his admirers—Plato and
Xenophon first among them. He is portrayed in these works as a man of
great insight, integrity, self-mastery, and argumentative skill.

The impact of his life was all the greater because of the way in which
it ended: at age 70, he was brought to trial on a charge of impiety and
sentenced to death by poisoning (the poison probably being hemlock) by a
jury of his fellow citizens. Plato’s Apology of Socrates purports to be the
speech Socrates gave at his trial in response to the accusations made
against him (Greek apologia means “defense”)
Its powerful advocacy of the examined
life and its condemnation of Athenian
democracy have made it one of the
central documents of Western thought
and culture.
Socrates- (c.470-399 B.C) of Athens, Greece is known
through the writings of his student Plato (c. 427-348
B.C). In one of Plato’s writings (Apology), a friend of
Socrates went to priestess (an oracle) to ask who was
the wisest man. The priestess, answered that “there is
no man wiser than Socrates”. When Socrates heard
this, he did not believe it. He was certain that he did
not know anything.
 For I knew I had no wisdom. After thinking
it over for a long time, I decided that I had to
find a man wiser than myself so I could go back
to god’s oracle with this evidence. So I went to
see a politician who was famous for his
wisdom. But when I questioned him, I realized
he was not really wise, although many people
—he especially– thought he was.
So I tried to explain to him that although he thought
himself wise, he really was not. But all that happened
was that he came to hate me. And so did many of his
supporters who overheard us. So I left him, thinking to
myself as I left that although neither of us really knew
anything about what is noble and good, still I was
better off. For he knows nothing, and thinks that he
knows, while I neither know nor think that I know. And
in this I think I have a slight advantage.
Then I went to an other person who had even greater
pretensions to wisdom. The result was exactly the
same. I made another enemy. In this way I went to one
man after another and made more and more enemies.
I felt bad about this and it frightened me. But I was
compelled to do it because I felt that investigating
god’s oracle came first. I said to myself, I must go to
everyone who seems to be wise so I can find out what
the oracle means (Plato, 2008).
-Socrates’ reputation during his time was that of an
annoying philosopher who would embarrass others in the
process of asking questions about what they professed as
their expertise.

- His enemies found a way to place charges against him

and put him in trial.

Characteristic of a True Philosopher

* asking questions with a genuine desire to know
When he asked questions about their expertise, it was out of
humble admission that he did not know what they knew, and
thus, he wanted to learn from them. It turned out however, that
those self proclaimed wise men of Athens did not really know
what they professed to know.
He knew that he did not know anything, whereas oyher
men and women go about living the world pretending or
deluding themselves with the thought that they knew everything.
He like all men and women of Athens are ignorant—but what
made him a notch wiser was that he knew of his own ignorance.
A genuine desire to know begins with this humble admission of
one’s own ignorance. With this desire comes the courage to ask
questions. Sometimes, we hesitate to ask questions because we
are afraid of being thought of as stupid. We are afraid of being
judged as attention-seekers, or we are afraid that our questions
will be taken against us..
Socrates was sentenced to death for the charges of
disrespecting the gods and for corrupting the minds of the
youth. He was killed by being forced to drink the poison
hemlock.
“Anyone can be as wise as Socrates for as
long as he lives the truth that he does not
know anything. With this constant
admission, one will be more open to
learning new things. This is the beginning
of true wisdom.”
Reflection

Have you ever had an experience in which you

wanted to ask question but you were afraid to raise them?
Why were you afraid? Or have you had an experience
wherein you asked a question but you were made to feel
like you were stupid to ask that question? Do you think
those people were right in reacting that way?
Write a journal entry on this experience.
 Arielle looks at her reflection in the mirror for the
fourth time this morning. She was running late for school,
but she could not quite decide on what to wear for the day.
She finally decides on this plain white shirt and jeans, looks
at it on her sigh of resignation, then runs off downstairs
where her mother has been yelling about the time.
In the car on the way to school, she starts muttering to
herself. “ All this trouble of having to choose what to wear to
school everyday. Why does it have to be so difficult? Why
can’t I just wear anything I grab from my closet?”
 After she calms down, she moves into a more pensive
mode. She begins to ask, “ Why should my clothes or the way I
look matter to others anyway? If I think about what others
would say, does that mean I am not free to choose whatever I
want? Does this mean that I am not really free?”
Arielle’s dad pulls over in front of his school. She says
goodbye and walks to her classroom. She continues with her
questions. “ so if living in society means that I am not really free,
does this mean that I will only be free when I live alone? Like
live in a desert or in Mars?
 But what good would that do? If I live alone, I may
be free to do what I want, but would that be happy life?
Is having the freedom to do what one pleases the
opposite of having a happy life?” what is freedom, really?
What is a happy life?”
she enters her classroom, sets down her bag and
shrugs off the question. He goes to her “barkada” who
were squatting in a corner of the room, aimlessly
chatting about their weekend.
1. What would you consider personal questions?
2. What would be examples of philosophical
questions?
3. How do personal questions differ from
philosophical questions?
 Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973)
- Philosophical questioning begins with a metaphysical unease
- The scope of the questions we ask cover something broader and deeper than
what is immediately before us, beyond what we physically see
- The scope to this questions point to something that we share with other
human beings

- Our world today hardly encourages the asking of philosophical questions.

Asking philosophical questions as perceived as a waste of time because
finding the answers entails a commitment of openness. And this is the
distinguishing mark of a genuine philosopher.
Value of Philosophizing
We find that even the most everyday things begins to problem to
which only very incomplete answers can be given

Able to suggest many possibilities which enlarge our thoughts and

free them from tyranny of custom
It greatly increases our knowledge as to what they may be; it
removes somewhat arrogant dogmatism of those who have never
traveled into the region of liberating doubt, and it keeps alive our
sense of wonder by showing familiar things in an unfamiliar aspect.
(Russell, Problems of Philosophy, p.242- 243)
 Arrogant Dogmatism
Dogmatism- positiveness in assertion or opinion especially when
unwarranted or arrogant

A dogmatic person can be likened to someone sheltered I a hard

unbreakable shell. Within that shell, the person is convinced that only
the things he believes are true. All other dissenting opinions are false,
no matter how convincing they may be. He thinks of his truths as
permanently true, without verifying, questioning or reflecting on
them. All who say otherwise are either stupid or arrogant.
 Activity
1. Christianity is the only true religion
2. Women are inferior to men.
3. The poor deserve their suffering because they
are lazy and have no drive to succeed.
4. You will only be respected by others if you assert
your power.
Group Activity:
Identify songs that express some philosophical thoughts.
Explain and sing them in class.
Compose a song/poem that reflects
philosophically on the human person or
on your life as a person. Print it and
sing /share it with the class.
 Chapter 2: Truth and Philosophy
Lesson 1: Domains of Truth
Activity:
A man who lives away from his family abroad was in a
state of coma, sustained by life support from medical
equipment for about two months. Doctors told his friend that
he has very low chance of being revived if they away the life
support from him. It seems that they are left with no other
option but to pull the plug than to keep him in life support for
years.
As per hospital regulations, it is only family members
who are allowed to consent to pulling the plug. The
man’s brother finally arrived from his home country to
give the consent. Something strange happened,
however, the moment the brother started talking to the
patient in coma. They notice that his vital signs began to
stabilize. Days passed and the patient started to show
rapid improvement. The doctors up to this day are
unable to explain what had happened.
 Friends of the patient say the prayers of his
community for a miracle was granted. Others say that
the presence of his brother had a healing effect on him.
Some doctors say that the medication must have worked
in a way that surprised the experts in the field. Today the
man has fully survived his condition and is as normal as
he can be.

What do you think truly happened here?

 What is truth?
When do we mean when we say that
something is true?
Many of us assume that truth is simple term with a singular
meaning. Life in this would be a lot simpler if truth only meant
one thing. Life would have been a matter of simply answering
the question whether the things we say, read about, and discuss
are true or false. But just as reality is superabundantly rich,
truth is just rich. Unfortunately, very few of us really understand
and appreciate its richness.
 If we examine the perspective on truth that has been dominant
in society, we would find that people mostly equate truth with scientific
truth. We often say that something is true because it is based on facts.
Furthermore, we say that something is factual when it is scientifically
proven.

“A study from Jayward Pitkin University shows that 95% of men and
women who are taller than the average height are more likely to
become successful and happy in their careers.”

Truth in this sense is related to science because it is the field that

delivers knowledge about the natural world. When we say that
something is true, we usually mean what the scientists mean– that it is
verified in the natural world.
Objective Truth
-point to description of “state of affairs”
Example:
Constant acceleration of a free falling object
Water cycle
Both examples point to observable phenomena that remain
constant and true.
Unfortunately, not everyone is clearly aware of this. Let us take the case of people
who condemn others for having a religion and for believing in God. These people
argues that believers base their lives on unverified truths. Believers are judged to
be irrational because they cannot demonstrate the truth of their faith. If we trace
the line of reasoning, it will go as follows:
Believers are irrational because they believe in things that cannot be verified.
What this statement implies:
Only those who believe in things that can be verified are rational.
In other words, based on what has been said above so far.
Only those who believe in scientific truth are rational.
Domains of Truth

1.Objective Domain --- Scientific truth

-- pertains to the natural
world that maintains a relative independence
from the perspective and attitude of human
beings that perceive them
2. Social Domain

- A general agreement, or consensus on what is right as opposed to

what is wrong
- Mostly product of agreements in the society that has been
established over time
- Norms and values appear as truth nevertheless, we have to be
aware that these truths are created or constructed by people
- They can be change through critical examination and deliberation
among the members of a community
3.Personal Domain

-truth is analogous with sincerity

- Precarious domain of truth because no one can have
access to our minds and our thoughts except ourselves.
- Need corresponding actions that will establish trust
- A person who proves to be consistent with what he
declares about himself is regarded as authentic and can
be therefore be trusted or trustworthy
So when we ask, “What is truth?” it is
important to know from what domain we are
asking this questions, so we can also know in
what way we can test whether or not a claim
is true.