Anatomy of Motion

Fernando J. Peraldo, MD, MPH, DPSAi

DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL
CONCEPTS OF MOTION
 A. Starting position
- point of reference
1. Anatomic Standing Position - uses in
analysis of upper limbs movement
- individual stands erect
- upper limbs hanging easily at the
sides with the palms facing forward
- feet slightly separated and parallel
DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL
CONCEPTS OF MOTION
 2. Fundamental Standing Position -
used for analysis of movements except
when analyzing upper limbs movement
- body erect
- upper limbs at the sides, palms facing the
body
- feet slightly separated and parallel
DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL
CONCEPTS OF MOTION
 B. Orientation Planes of the Body
1. Sagittal (anteroposterior median)
plane
2. Coronal (frontal;lateral) plane
3. Horizontal (transverse) plane
* Since each plane bisects the body, it follows
that each plane passes through the center of
gravity
Median sagittal plane –
vertical plane passing through
the center of the body dividing it
into equal left and right halves

Coronal Plane – imaginary

vertical planes at right angles to
the median plane

Transverse plane – plane at

right angles to both the median
and coronal planes; divides the
body into superior and inferior
portions
DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL
CONCEPTS OF MOTION
 Center of Gravity
- that point of the about which all parts exactly
balance each other
- an imaginary point representing the weight center
of an object
- the point at which the entire weight of the body
maybe considered as concentrated
Line of Gravity
- an imaginary vertical line passing through the
center of gravity
DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL
CONCEPTS OF MOTION
 C. Axes of Motion
1. Vertical Axis - axis perpendicular to
the ground
2. Frontal or lateral horizontal axis -
passes horizontally from side to side
3. Sagittal or anteroposterior horizontal
axis - passes horizontally from front to
back
Basic Movements of the major
body segments
 A. Movement in a sagittal Plane about a
frontal axis
 1. Flexion- the angle at the joint
diminishes
 Ex. Raising the forearm straight forward
 Forward tipping of the head
 Lifting the foot & leg backward from the
knee
Basic Movements of the major
body segments
 2. Extension- the return movement
from flexion
 3. Hyperflexion- refers to the movement
of the arm. When the arm is flexed. In
other joints of the body flexion is
terminated by contact of the moving
segment with another body part.
 Ex. Forearm against arm
Basic Movements of the major
body segments
 4. Hyperextension
 The continuation of extension beyond the
starting position or beyond the straight line.
 Ex. A. hyperextension of the upper arm is
said to occur when the arm is extended
beyond the body
 B. forearm is considered hyperextended when
the angle at the elbow joint has exceeded
180 degrees
Basic Movements of the major
body segments
 5. Reduction of hyperextension
 Return of movement from
hyperextension
Basic Movements of the major
body segments
Basic Movements of the major
body segments
Basic Movements of the major
body segments
 B. Movements in the Frontal plane about a
sagittal Horizontal axis
 1. Abduction- sideward movement away from
the midline
 Ex. In the case of fingers- away from the
midline of the hand
 2.Adduction- the return movement abduction
 3. Hyperabduction- refers to the arm, when it
is abducted beyond the vertical as seen from
the front or back
Basic Movements of the major
body segments
 4. Hyperadduction
 Trunk blocks hyperadduction of the upper
limb. By combining slight flexion with
hyperadduction will enable one lower limb to
move across in front of the body.
 Ex. The presence of the supporting lower
limb blocks hyperadduction of the other lower
limb. Slight flexion with hyperadduction will
enable one lower limb to move across in front
of the supporting one.
Basic Movements of the major
body segments
 5. Reduction of hyperadduction
 The return movement from hyperadduction
 6. Lateral flexion
 Refers to the lateral bending of the head or
trunk
 Also used for sideward movement of the
middle finger, but more specific terms used
are radial or ulnar flexion
 7. Reduction of lateral flexion- the return
movement from lateral flexion.
Basic Movements of the major
body segments
Basic Movements of the major
body segments
 C. Movements in the horizontal plane about a
vertical axis
- Viewed from overhead
- Point of reference for all rotations of the
upper limb is midposition as in the
fundamental standing position
1. Rotation left & right - applies to the
rotation of the head or neck in such a way
that the anterior aspect turns respectively to
the left or right
Basic Movements of the major
body segments
 2. Outward (lateral) & inward (medial)
rotation - applies to the rotation of the thigh,
arm or the upper or lower limb as a whole in
such a way that the anterior aspect of the
segment turns laterally or medially
 3. supination & pronation - applies
respectively to the outward (lateral) & inward
(medial) rotation of the forearm.
Basic Movements of the major
body segments
 D. Movements in an oblique plane about an oblique
axis
- movement taking place in planes between the
sagittal & frontal; sagittal & horizontal & horizontal
plane
Ex. Raising the arm between the straight
forward and a straight sideward
direction.
In the lower limbs: frog kick n
swimming and a deep knee bend
performed with heels together and the
knees separated.
Basic Movements of the major
body segments
 Circumduction
- an orderly sequence of movements
which occur in the sagittal, frontal and
intermediate oblique planes so that the
segment as a whole describes a cone.
Basic Movements of the major
body segments
Mechanics of joint action
 Anatomy of motion involves both joint
and muscle movement
 There are many joints in the skeletal
framework, there are few types of
joints.
 By studying the classification of joints,
the mechanics of joint action is
simplified
Mechanics of joint action
 Articulations of bones
 Functions of joints
 Hold bones together
 Allow for mobility
 Ways joints are classified
 Functionally
 Structurally
Functional Classification of Joints
 Synarthroses (Fibrous joint) - immovable joints; 2
bones grow together with only a thin layer of
fibrous periosteum between them
 Amphiarthroses (ligamentous joint)- slightly
moveable joints; slight movement permitted by
elasticity of the ligament joining the 2 bones
(e.g.radio-ulnar, coracoacromial, mid tibiofibular)
- cartilagenous joint – bones coated with hyaline
cartilage separated by fibrocartilage
separated by fibrocartilage disc
Functional Classification of Joints
 Diarthroses
- freely moveable
- joints having an articular cavity
- joints encased within a sleevelike ligamentous
capsule
- capsule is lined with synovial membrane which
secretes synovial fluid for lubricating the joint
- articular surfaces are covered with cartilage,
usually hyaline but occasionally fibrocartilage
Structural Classification of
Joints
 Fibrous joints
 Generally immovable
 Cartilaginous joints
 Immovable or slightly moveable
 Synovial joints
 Freely moveable
Fibrous Joints
 Bones united by fibrous tissue
 Examples
 Sutures
 Syndesmoses
 Allows more
movement than
sutures
 Example: distal
end of tibia and
fibula
 Cartilaginous Joints
 Bones connected by
cartilage
- Examples
 Pubic symphysis
 Intervertebral joints
 Synovial Joints
 Articulating bones are
separated by a joint
cavity
 Synovial fluid is found
in the joint cavity
Features of Synovial Joints
 Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
covers the ends of bones
 Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous
articular capsule
 Have a joint cavity filled with synovial
fluid
 Ligaments reinforce the joint
Structures Associated with the
Synovial Joint
 Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
 Lined with synovial membranes
 Filled with synovial fluid
 Not actually part of the joint
 Tendon sheath
 Elongated bursa that wraps around a
tendon
The Synovial Joint
Types of Synovial Joints Based
on Shape
Types of Synovial Joints Based
on Shape
Inflammatory Conditions
Associated with Joints
 Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction
 Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
 Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints
 Over 100 different types
 The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States
Mechanics of Muscular action
 The skeletal muscles supply the force for
moving body segments.
 They do this by virtue of three factors:
A. unique ability of muscular tissue to
contract
B. Attachment of muscle to bone
C. Rotation of the muscle’s line of pull to the
joint or joints it spans.
Types of Muscles
 Movers:
A. Prime mover (Principal) - muscles primarily
responsible for causing a specific joint action
B. Assistant Movers - aids the prime mover or
help to perform the movement
C. Emergency Muscles – help only when an
extra amount of force is needed as when a
movement is performed against resistance
Types of Muscles
 Antagonist – muscle that opposes or
reverses a prime mover
 Ex: Movement of flexion, the flexors are
movers and extensors are the
antagonist
Types of Muscles
 Synergist
- muscle that aids a prime mover in a
movement and helps prevent rotation
- muscles which act together to contribute to
a movement
* example - 2 movers have one action in
common but their 2nd actions are antagonistic
to each other
Types of Muscles
 Stabilizers, Fixators or Supporting Muscles:
- anchor, steady or support a bone or body
part against a pull of gravity or against the
effect of momentum and recoil in certain
vigorous movements
- allow another active muscle to have a firm
base to pull.
- Ideally, a stabilizer muscle will be in static
conraction
Types of Muscles
 Neutralizers
- act to prevent an undesired action of
one of the movers
- if a muscle both flexes and abducts
but only flexion is desired in the
movement, an adductor contracts to
neutralize the abductory action of the
mover.
END OF LECTURE
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