5.1 Angles and Radian Measure.

Algebra and Trigonometry
Sixth Edition
Chapter 5
Trigonometric
Functions
Copyright © 2018, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 1
5.1 Angles and Radian Measure
Objectives
• Recognize and use the vocabulary of angles.
• Use degree measure.
• Use radian measure.
• Convert between degrees and radians.
• Draw angles in standard position.
• Find coterminal angles.
• Find the length of a circular arc.
• Use linear and angular speed to describe motion on a
circular path.
Angles (1 of 4)
An angle is formed by two rays that have a common
endpoint. One ray is called the initial side and the other
the terminal side.
Angles (2 of 4)
An angle is in standard position if its vertex is at the
origin of a rectangular coordinate system and its initial
side lies along the positive x-axis.
Angles (3 of 4)
When we see an initial side and a terminal side in place,
there are two kinds of rotations that could have
generated the angle. Positive angles are
generated by counterclockwise rotation. Thus, angle 
is positive. Negative angles are generated by
clockwise rotation. Thus, angle θ is negative.
Angles (4 of 4)
An angle is called a quadrantal angle if its terminal
side lies on the x-axis or on the y-axis. Angle 
is an example of a quadrantal
angle.
Measuring Angles Using Degrees
Angles are measured by determining the amount of rotation from the
initial side to the terminal side. A complete rotation of the circle is 360
degrees, or 360°.
An acute angle measures less than 90°.
A right angle measures 90°.
An obtuse angle measures more than 90° but less than 180°.
A straight angle measures 180°.
Measuring Angles Using Radians
An angle whose vertex is at the center of the circle is
called a central angle. The radian measure of any
central angle of a circle is the length of the intercepted
arc divided by the circle’s radius.
length of the intercepted arc


radius
Definition of a Radian
One radian is the measure of the central angle of a
circle that intercepts an arc equal in length to the radius
of the circle.
Radian Measure
Consider an arc of length s
on a circle of radius r.
The measure of the central
angle, θ that intercepts the
arc is
s
  radians.
r
Example: Computing Radian Measure
A central angle, θ in a circle of radius 12 feet intercepts

an arc of length 42 feet. What is the radian measure of
θ?
Solution:
s 42 feet
   3.5
r 12 feet
The radian measure of θ is 3.5 radians.
Conversion Between Degrees and
Radians
Using the basic relationship  radians  180 degrees,
1. To convert degrees to radians, multiply degrees by
 radians

.
180
2. To convert radians to degrees, multiply radians by
180
.
 radians
Example: Converting from Degrees to
Radians
Convert each angle in degrees to radians:
  radians 60 
a. 60  60 

 radians  radians
180  180 3
 radians 270 3
b. 270  270 
 
 radians  radians
180  180 2
 radians 300 5
c. 300  300    radians   radians
180  180 3
Example: Converting from Radians to
Degrees
Convert each angle in degrees to radians:
  radians 180 180
a. radians     45
4 4  radians 4
4 4  radians 180 4  180

b.  radians      240
3 3  radians 3
180 6  180
c. 6 radians  6 radians    343.8
 radians 
Drawing Angles in Standard Position
The figure below illustrates that when the terminal side
makes one full revolution, it forms an angle whose
radian measure is 2 . The figure shows the quadrantal
3 1 1
angles formed by , , and of a revolution.
4 2 4
Example: Drawing Angles in
Standard Position

Draw and label the angle in standard position:   
4
The angle is negative. It is
obtained by rotating the
terminal side clockwise.
 1
   2
4 8
We rotate the terminal side

1
clockwise 8 of a revolution.
Standard Position
3
Draw and label the angle in standard position:  
4
The angle is positive. It is obtained
by rotating the terminal side
counter clockwise.
3 3
  2
4 8

3
counter clockwise 8
of a revolution.
Standard Position
7
Draw and label the angle in standard position:   
4
The angle is negative. It is
obtained by rotating the
terminal side clockwise.
7 7
   2
4 8

7
clockwise 8 of a revolution.
Standard Position
13
Draw and label the angle in standard position:  
4
The angle is positive. It is
obtained by rotating the terminal
side counter clockwise.
13 13
  2
4 8

13
counter clockwise 8
of a revolution.
Degree and Radian Measures of Angles
Commonly Seen in Trigonometry
In the figure below, each angle is in standard position,
so that the initial side lies along the positive x-axis.
Positive Angles in Terms of Revolutions of the
Angle’s Terminal Side Around the Origin (1 of 2)
Positive Angles in Terms of Revolutions of the
Angle’s Terminal Side Around the Origin (2 of 2)
Coterminal Angles (1 of 2)
Two angles with the same initial and terminal sides but
possibly different rotations are called coterminal
angles.
Coterminal Angles (2 of 2)
Increasing or decreasing the degree measure of an
angle in standard position by an integer multiple of 360°
results in a coterminal angle. Thus, an angle of θ° is
coterminal with angles of    360 k where k is an integer.
Increasing or decreasing the radian measure of an

angle by an integer multiple of 2
results in a coterminal angle. Thus, an angle of θ
radians is coterminal with angles of   2 k
where k is an integer.
Example: Finding Coterminal Angles
Assume the following angles are in standard position.
Find a positive angle less than 360° that is coterminal
with each of the following:
a. a 400° angle
400  360  40
b. a −135° angle
135  360  225
Example: Finding Coterminal Angles
Assume the following angles are in standard position.
Find a positive angle less than 2 that is coterminal with
each of the following:
13 13 13 10 3
a. a angle  2   
5 5 5 5 5
  30 29 
b. a  angle   2    
15 15 15 15 15
The Length of a Circular Arc
Let r be the radius of a circle
and θ the nonnegative
radian measure of a central
angle of the circle.
The length of the arc
intercepted by the central
angle is
s  r.
Example: Finding the Length of a
Circular Arc
A circle has a radius of 6 inches. Find the length of the
arc intercepted by a central angle of 45°. Express arc
length in terms of  . Then round your answer to two
decimal places.
Solution: We first convert 45° to radians:
  radians 45 
45  45 

  radians
180 
180 4
   6
s  r   (6 inches)    inches  4.71 inches.
4 4
Definitions of Linear and Angular
Speed
If a point is in motion on a circle of radius r through an
angle of θ radians in time t, then its linear speed is
s
v ,
t
where s is the arc length given by s = rθ, and its
angular speed is

 .
t
Linear Speed in Terms of Angular
Speed
The linear speed, v, of a point a distance r from the
center of rotation is given by
  r ,
Where  is the angular speed in radians per unit of time.
In words: Linear speed is the radius times the angular
speed.
Example: Finding Linear Speed (1 of 2)
Long before iPods that hold thousands of songs and play
them with superb audio quality, individual songs were
delivered on 75-rpm and 45-rpm circular records. A 45-rpm
record has an angular speed of 45 revolutions per minute.
Find the linear speed, in inches per minute, at the point
where the needle is 1.5 inches from the record’s center.
45 revolutions 2 radians 90 radians

  
1 minute 1 revolution 1 minute
Example: Finding Linear Speed (2 of 2)
Solution
The angular speed of the record is 90 radians per minute.
The linear speed is
90 135 in 424 in
  r ,  1.5 inches   
1 minute min min

5.1 Angles and Radian Measure.

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Algebra and Trigonometry

An acute angle measures less than 90°.

A right angle measures 90°.

A straight angle measures 180°.

length of the intercepted arc

A central angle, θ in a circle of radius 12 feet intercepts

The radian measure of θ is 3.5 radians.

1. To convert degrees to radians, multiply degrees by

4 4  radians 180 4  180

We rotate the terminal side

We rotate the terminal side

We rotate the terminal side

We rotate the terminal side

Increasing or decreasing the radian measure of an

45 revolutions 2 radians 90 radians

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