Survival

SURVIVAL
© Groupe Air Form Maroc

Survival
Search and rescue procedures:
Being found by search and rescue operations may depend on correct display of
emergency signals.
At night and in good visibility a hand flare may be seen as far as 20 km.
The signaling mirror may be used at all times, when sufficient light is available.

Survival
Anytime an aircraft is overdue, missing or sends a radio distress call,

the National Search and Rescue Plan is activated.
The Coast Guard is responsible for all maritime rescues and the Air Force is
responsible for in-land rescues.

Survival
Search procedures:
The search A/C projects green pyrotechnics
Survivors see green pyrotechnics
Survivors must attract attention

Survival
Search procedures:
The search A/C seeing the survivors
The search A/C fires green pyrotechnics
Survivors again attract attention
Once the survivors have been located, the search aircraft will drop survival
equipment and remain on patrol overhead, whenever possible, until they are
rescued.

Survival
Helicopter rescue (in a ditching situation):

Survival

Survival

Survival
Behavior in case of rescue:
Survivors must keep discipline even when they believe they are be found.
When a ship nears, do not swim towards the ship. All rescue measures should
be initiated from the ship.
Avoid hectic action under all circumstances.
Aircraft crews normally drop additional signals and survival equipment and
report the exact location to rescue ships or stations nearby.
Drinking water and other rescue supplies must be rationed until the arrival of
the rescue teams.

Survival
The four basic principles for survival are:
 Protection
 Location
 Water
 Food

Survival
 Protection:
The first action must be concentrated on protection from exposure.
Cold will lead to hypothermia.
If the body temperature drops below 32° C, the body becomes unconscious,
Below 29,5°C, will lead to death due to heart failure.
Important: stay warm!

Survival
Heat and sun exposure can lead to heat exhaustion, dehydration and
sunstroke. These are killing.
Protection aids
Protection against exposure can be found in many ways.

Survival
• When no more danger exists, the aircraft itself could be used for shelter.
• Life jackets protect you against the cold, they isolate and protect you from
the wind. Inflated life jackets can also be used as a cushion.
• From the passenger luggage you can obtain extra clothing against the cold.
• Change wet clothing and dress with as much layers of clothing as possible.
• Against heat/sun dress as loose as possible. This will provide a layer of

insulating air, which makes sweating more efficient.

Survival
• Life rafts and slides should be set up with canopies installed
to provide shelter against cold, wind and sun.(care for proper ventilation).

Survival
Trolleys, seat cushions and suitcases can be piled up like a brick wall.
The roof can be constructed out of blankets, passenger clothing or even the
aircraft’s carpet.
At cold surfaces the seat cushions can be laid down as isolation.

(care for proper ventilation)

Survival
• In polar regions constructing igloos at a later stage could be considered.
• Constructing a fire is a valuable tool in staying warm.
• Be careful with your personal energy, don’t waste it unnecessary.

Survival
 Location:
The chances of being found in time will be increased if you stay in the vicinity of
the A/C.
Not only the aircraft itself is a valuable aid to location, so are the crash trail and
emergency aids from the aircraft.
Other signals that will help in the location of the aircraft are:
• ELT (minimum 48 hours ).
• Mirror
• Flashlights/torches (during night)
• ...

Survival
Pyrotechnics (flares) and Fire and/or smoke.

Survival

Survival

Survival
When you are in a very exposed or dangerous location, so it is not safe to stay
in the neighbourhood of the aircraft, move to a more protected position.
Leave at the crash site an indication / signal of the direction you have moved
to.

Survival
 Water:
Lack of water poses a threat of secondary importance to the dangers of cold

exposure.
Lack of water will lead to incapacitation and death will occur at worst within 2
days and at best 11 days.
Do not drink salt water or urine.
Do drink water also in cold regions; you will need over 1L water to replace
losses.

Survival
Try to conserve body fluids by the following means:
In case of:
• Urination: reduce fluid intake.
• Vomiting: take sea sick remedy.
• Bleeding: carry out first aid.

Survival
Avoid:
• Unnecessary exercise, just rest.
• Sweating: shelter from the sun.
• Swimming: you waste energy and feel thirsty
• Unnecessary eating: increasing further dehydration.
• Alcohol: takes fluid from vital organs to break it down.

Survival
 Food:
An important requirement is to provide the body with as much fuel as possible

prior to a flight.
The human body can survive as long as 3 weeks without food, so after a crash
landing you don’t need food immediately.
When you take food avoid protein and fat food like meat or fish, they use a
large amount of water in the digestive process.
Carbohydrate foods like pasta or bread are more easily digested and use
smaller amounts of water.

 Water survival

Survival
After the evacuation, survival depends largely on the knowledge and

performance of the crew in charge of the raft.
The will to survive is the most important factor. Clear orders and their calm and
precise execution increase the chances of survival.
Due to modern navigation aids and communication systems, it can be assumed

that the rafts will be found in time.

Survival

Survival
 Protection:
• It is essential to protect the body against extremes of heat or cold.
• The aircraft slide rafts provide this protection and it is essential to board
them as soon as possible.

Survival
Water cools down the body much faster than air.
In water temperatures of approximately 22°C or lower, acute hypothermia can

develop in 10-15 min.
Slim built persons cool faster than large built persons, thin persons faster than
fat ones, children faster than adults and men cool faster than women of the
same size.
The greatest loss of heat is from the head, neck, armpits, and sides of the
chest.

Survival
Methods to delay hypothermia:
• Wear life vest to help keep head and neck out of the water;
• Put on as much clothing as possible. This will delay body heat transfer to
water.
• Avoid swallowing water.

Survival
• Hold arms tight across chest so as not to expose armpits.
• Huddle bodies together with sides of chests touching. This method alone
increases survival by 50%;
• Minimize movement. Children should be placed in the center of this circle

Survival
Recognition of hypothermia:
• Uncontrollable, violent shivering /shaking.
• Confusion, mental disorientation, forgetfulness, unable to make decisions,

loss of reality, slurred speech.
• Stiff and cramped muscles, loss of sense in arms and legs.
• Exhaustion, drunk or drugged appearance.

Survival
Caring for hypothermia victims:
• Lay the victim down in sheltered area; do not allow the victim to walk.
• Wrap the victim in blankets to restore body heath.
• Wrap the head and face (e.g. with a shawl), so exhaled breath can be
trapped.
• In mild cases, warm shelter and dry clothing can be sufficient.

A warm sugary drink (no alcohol!) can help in comforting the victim.
• After the victim's removal from the water the lowering of the body
temperature does not stop automatically. Further treatment should be
continued until medical help is available because above treatments are not
always enough to cure hypothermia victims.

Survival
Weather protection:
• Erect the canopy as quickly as possible.
• Sit close to one another, drying off their clothes if possible.
• Life jackets must be kept on at all times.
• Distribute the blankets, pillows and extra clothing amongst the passengers.
• Exercise body and facial muscles.
• Hands may be warmed between the tights and under the armpits.

Survival
 Location
Having protected themselves from the wind and weather the survivors must
check and prepare all signaling equipment and have it ready for immediate use.
A continuous watch should be maintained with all location aids available for
immediate use should an aircraft be seen or heard.

Survival
A plan of action should now be discussed.
Certain facts may influence your decision:
• Area of ditching.
• Was the aircraft tracked at the time of the crash?
• Weather.
• The amount of supplies of water and food available.
• It is best to stay in the area of ditching for at least 72 hours.

Survival
 Water
Water is of much greater importance to the survivors than food.

Rationing must be instituted at once. Take stock of emergency supplies of
water and keep them for an emergency.
Every means for collecting rainwater should be used.

Survival
Be sure that everyone drinks slowly and considerably.
Drinking water is your most essential need. A man can live only for about 10
days without water and need a minimum of ½ liter a day to keep fit.
Never drink seawater, not even in small amounts. It causes diarrhea, dizziness
and vomiting and serious health disorders, even mental disorders.
Alcohol must only be used for medical purposes (external for disinfecting)

Survival
 Food
Check on ratios available, remembering that food should not be taken unless
there is enough water available.
Food could consist of:

Survival
• The food taken along from the aircraft.
• The emergency rations of the survival kit.
• Fish represent your largest possible source of natural food. Most fish of the
open sea, out of sight of land, are safe to eat.
• Most seaweed is edible, providing your water rationing is adequate, for they
tend to make out thirsty.
• Birds

Survival
First aid:
• Correct use of the items in F.A.K. is essential.
• Seasickness tablets should be distributed as early as possible.
• Loss of body fluids should be avoided.
• Performance of duties helps to concentrate the mind away from

seasickness.
• Do not eat or drink for some time, lie still and maintain body warmth.

Survival
Immersion in water:
limbs immersed in seawater can sustain damage to tissues. They will swell,
discolor and crack the skin. Keep limbs dry and warm and assist blood
circulation. Do not rub infected areas.
Salt water sores: these are caused by prolonged exposure to salt water. Keep
dry and use antiseptic cream, if available. Cover large sores.
Sore eyes:
caused by excessive exposure to glare from the sky and the water. Heal with
cream and bandage slightly. Relief may be obtained by using damp bandages.

Survival
Sunburn:
The canopy should always be used for protection (Ventilation!)

Protect the eyes with sunglasses or other provisional means.
In case of body overheating, cool down the body temperature with moist cloths,
shirt, etc.
Frost bites:
Fingers, ears, nose and toes are highly susceptible to frost bites. Keeping them
in armpits can protect fingers; occupants should warm by huddling up the legs
pulled up under the chin.
Light movement exercises prevent muscles and joints from getting stiff.
Affected parts must be warmed gently with breath, warm hands or other warm
parts of the body.

Survival
Polar survival

Survival
 Protection
An evacuation in colder regions will be extremely risky for the passengers due
to the outside temperature and environment.
It should be decided if the evacuation is required, or if it is safer to stay in the

aircraft and use it as a shelter. This depends on the degree of damage to the
aircraft, if there is a fire risk,…
If the aircraft is left, the slide rafts can be used to make a shelter for the
occupants.
Always keep one slide raft attached to the aircraft, incase you need to return for
food, blankets, water, medical supplies or to use it as a shelter.

Survival
 Location
• Make a survey of surrounding area to determine the safest campsite..
• Choose a place close to woodland, out of the wind and protected against
snowdrift.
• Remember that all shelters with inside fires should be well ventilated.

Survival
 Water
Snow or ice can be used to make potable water.
If ice is used, old sea-ice contains less salt and is therefore to be preferred.
It can be recognized by its clear blue/gray color.
If no means of fire is available, put the snow or ice in a plastic bag and hang it
under the clothes. The body heat will melt the ice.
Give small amounts of this liquid to the survivors.

Survival
If the concentration of the body fluid is decreasing,

following symptoms may be observed:
• Loss of concentration
• Fatigue
• Rapid decrease of body temperature
• Rapid decrease of the will to survive.

Survival
 Food
Your only available food in polar regions are game and food from the sea.
Game animals include polar bear, seal and occasionally fox.
Birds may be found in summertime.

Survival
First aid
Snow blindness:
Treat snow blindness by protecting the eyes from the light and relieving the
pain. Protect the eyes by staying in a dark shelter or by wearing a lightproof
bandage. Relieve the pain by putting cold compresses on the eyes, if there is
no danger of freezing, and by taking aspirin. Use no eye drops.

Survival
Hypothermia en Frostbite:
already seen in water survival

Survival
Desert survival

Survival
Deserts are large, dry, barren tracks of land, hot in the daytime and cool at
night. All deserts have certain things in common:
• Scarcity of water
• great extremes of temperatures…

Survival
 Protection
Leave the aircraft as soon as it has come to rest, taking with you as much
water as possible.
Stay well away from the aircraft until danger of fire has passed.
There will be a great temptation to rush around, trying to do everything at once.
Try to resist to this.
Take it easy. Get into the shade immediately. Weigh up the situation calmly
and decide on your course of action.

Survival
 Location
Natural shelter will be limited to the shade of cliffs or hill.

During most of the year, the inside of the aircraft will be unsuitable as a shelter
in the daytime due to the intense heat.
Even at night in summer, it will be untenable. Only during the winter months
should it be used for this purpose.
The best shelter from the sun is provided by the wing of the aircraft.

Survival
 Water
In the desert, your life depends on your water supply. The only way to conserve
your water is to control your sweating.
Drink water as you need it.
Clothing helps control sweating.
Desert sun will burn even if you have a good coat of tan. Therefore wear a hat,
use a neck cloth and keep your clothes on. Light colored clothing reflects the
heat of the sun. Keep in the shade as much as possible during the day.

Survival
Rationing of water and food should be instituted immediately.
When drinking, the lips, mouth and throat should be moistened before
Swallowing.

Survival
 Food
Food is of secondary importance to water and the quantity taken should be

very much restricted in hot climates if the amount of your daily water ration is
less than ½ liter.
The best foods to eat are those containing carbohydrate or sugar, such as
potatoes, fruits and the sweets in the emergency rations, which require very
little water for their digestion.
Other food can be:

Survival
The food taken from the aircraft.
Animals: these are very scarce in the desert and are generally found in the
vicinity of water.
Plants: avoid all desert plants with milky juice. They might be poisonous and
will cause much irritation to exposed skin surfaces.

Survival
First aid
Exposure to the desert sun can be dangerous. It can cause three types of heat
collapse.
Heat cramps:
The first warning of heat collapse usually is cramps in leg or belly muscles.
Keep the patient resting; give him salt dissolved in water.
Heat exhaustion:
patient is first flushed, and then pale, sweats heavily, has moist, cool skin and
may become delirious or unconscious.
Treat the patient by placing him in the shade, flat on his back.
Give him salt dissolved in water.

Survival
Heat stroke:
Heat stroke may come on suddenly. The face is red, skin hot and dry.
All sweating stops. There is severe headache; pulse is fast and strong.
Unconsciousness may be a result.
Treat the patient by cooling him off. Loosen his clothing; lay him down flat, but
off the ground, in the shade.
Cool by saturating his clothes with water and by fanning.

Survival
Jungle survival

Survival
Most stories about animals, snakes, spiders and nameless terrors of the jungle
are pure bunk. You will probably never see a poisonous snake or a large
animal.
The real dangers of the tropics are the insects, many of which pass on
diseases and parasites.

Survival
 Protection
If you come down in dense jungle where your aircraft and signals can’t be seen
from the air, it is advisable to travel to a clear area.
In any area, you can improvise shelter from parts of your aircraft and
emergency equipment or from natural materials in the vicinity.

Survival
• Keep your body covered.
• Prevent malaria-carrying mosquitoes and other pests from biting you.
• Protect your skin against infections caused by thorns or sharp grasses.
• Prevent sunburn in open country.
• Wear long pants and shirt with sleeves rolled down. Tuck your pants in the
top of your socks and tie them securely.
• Loosely worn clothes will keep you cooler.
• Dry your clothing before nightfall to avoid discomfort from cold.

Survival
 Location
The kind of shelter you make depends on whether you

need
protection from rain, cold, heat, sunshine or insects and

also whether your
camp is only for the night or for many days.

Survival
Pick the location for your camp carefully. Try to be near fuel and water,
especially water.
In the wet jungle forest, you will need shelter from dampness.
If you stay with the aircraft, use it as a shelter.
Try to make it mosquito-proof by covering openings with netting or blankets.

Don’t sleep on the ground. Contact with the ground will chill you.
Try to pick a camp site on a high spot in an open place well back from swamps.
You will be bothered less by mosquitoes, the ground will be drier and there will
be more chance of a breeze.

Survival
 Water
You can get water that is almost clear from muddy streams or lakes by digging
a hole in sandy soil 1,5 m from the bank. Allow water to seep in and then wait
for the mud to settle.
Water from tropical streams, pools, springs and swamps is safe to drink only
after it has been purified. Some water may be discolored or turbid. It may be
partially cleared by filtering through improvised filter.
You can get water from some plants (coconuts) and it can be used without
further treatment. Collect rain water or catch it from dripping trees.
Animal trails often lead to water. Follow them but take care not to get lost.

Survival

Survival
 Food
Take stock of your available food and water out of the aircraft.
Always be on the lookout for wild foods. Eat of the land whenever possible.
Fish: never eat fresh-water fish raw. Cook them thoroughly, they may contain
harmful parasites.

Survival
Plants: Avoid red or brightly colored fruits or berries.
Berries: raspberries, blackberries…are sometimes found at high elevation.
Bananas: green bananas are edible when cooked. Boil, fry or roast them.
Papaya: Cook carefully. Fruit is high in vitamin C. Eat raw or cook it.
Bamboo: the young shoots of bamboo are edible. It should be boiled to

remove the bitterness.
Mango:
...

Survival
First aid
Wounds:
Even the smallest scratch can quickly become dangerously infected in the
tropics. Promptly disinfect any wound.
Malaria:
Malaria may be your worst enemy. It is transmitted by mosquitoes, which are

normally encountered from late afternoon until early morning. They may also
bite in the shade during the day. Rub mosquito repellent on your hands and all
exposed skin.

Survival
Ticks:
They may be numerous; you may get a dozen of them on your body. Strip the
skin once a day or more. If they get attached, cover them with a drop of iodine-
they will let go. Heating them with a lighted cigarette will also make them let go,
don’t burn your skin.
Leeches:
Are very common in the damp forest. You may pick them up from
plants, the ground or in water. To get rid of them, apply a pinch of salt. Do not
touch leeches. Use a knife or other tool to remove them from your skin.

Survival
Spiders, scorpions and centipedes: are often abundant.
Shake out your clothing, shoes and socks before putting them on.
Bites of all these insects cause swelling and pain.

Use cold compresses and mud.

Survival

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SURVIVAL

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

Search and rescue procedures:

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

Anytime an aircraft is overdue, missing or sends a radio distress call,

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

The search A/C projects green pyrotechnics

Survivors see green pyrotechnics

Survivors must attract attention

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

The search A/C seeing the survivors

The search A/C fires green pyrotechnics

Survivors again attract attention

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

Helicopter rescue (in a ditching situation):

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

Behavior in case of rescue:

Avoid hectic action under all circumstances.

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

The four basic principles for survival are:

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

The first action must be concentrated on protection from exposure.

Cold will lead to hypothermia.

Below 29,5°C, will lead to death due to heart failure.

Important: stay warm!

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

Protection against exposure can be found in many ways.

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

• Against heat/sun dress as loose as possible. This will provide a layer of

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

• Life rafts and slides should be set up with canopies installed

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

At cold surfaces the seat cushions can be laid down as isolation.

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

• In polar regions constructing igloos at a later stage could be considered.

• Constructing a fire is a valuable tool in staying warm.

• Be careful with your personal energy, don’t waste it unnecessary.

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

• ELT (minimum 48 hours ).

• Flashlights/torches (during night)

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

Lack of water poses a threat of secondary importance to the dangers of cold

Do not drink salt water or urine.

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

Try to conserve body fluids by the following means:

• Urination: reduce fluid intake.

• Vomiting: take sea sick remedy.

• Bleeding: carry out first aid.

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

• Unnecessary exercise, just rest.

• Sweating: shelter from the sun.

• Swimming: you waste energy and feel thirsty

• Unnecessary eating: increasing further dehydration.

• Alcohol: takes fluid from vital organs to break it down.

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

An important requirement is to provide the body with as much fuel as possible

© Groupe Air Form Maroc

© Groupe Air Form Maroc