Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 11
Chapter 11
• Maternal nutrition
– Malnutrition linked to increased risk of birth
complications, neurological problems, and
psychopathology
• Maternal drug use
– Tobacco, alcohol, prescription, and
recreational drugs
– Fetal alcohol syndrome
Environmental Factors
and Prenatal Development
• Maternal illness
– Rubella, syphilis, mumps, genital herpes,
AIDS, severe influenza
– Prenatal health care
– Prevention through guidance
The Childhood Years: Motor Development
• Basic Principles
– Cephalocaudal trend – head to foot
– Proximodistal trend – center-outward
• Maturation – gradual unfolding of genetic
blueprint
• Developmental norms – median age
– Cultural variations
Easy and Difficult Babies:
Differences in Temperament
• Kohlberg (1976)
– Reasoning as opposed to behavior
• Moral dilemmas
– Measured nature and progression of
moral reasoning
– 3 levels, each with 2 sublevels
• Preconventional
• Conventional
• Postconventional
Figure 11.17 Kohlberg’s stage theory
Adolescence: Physiological Changes
• Pubescence
• Puberty
– Secondary sex characteristics
– Primary sex characteristics
• Menarche
• Sperm production
– Maturation: early vs. late
• Sex differences in effects of early
maturation
Figure 11.19 Physical development at puberty
Adolescence: Neural Changes
• Increasing myelinization
• Synaptic pruning
• Changes in prefrontal cortex
The Search for Identity
• Personality development
• Social development
• Career development
• Physical changes
• Cognitive changes