GO - NAST3020 - E01 - 1 GSM Indoor Coverage Solutions 54

GSM Indoor Coverage Solutio
ns
Contents
 Introduction to indoor distribution system

 Planning of indoor distribution system
 Optimization of indoor distribution system
Importance of Wireless Network Quality
Customer
Satisfaction
Customer Per
ception
Key Indexes Network

Network Publicity
Quality
Call Call Ratio of Data

Voice Repu- Propa-
Coverage Connection Drop
Quality
Successful Service
tation ganda
Ratio Ratio Data Service Bandwidth
BTS Network
Quantity Guarantee
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Diversified Indoor Mobile Communication
Problems
Ultra-high level floors of the building Mid-high level floors of the building
(over 18 floors) has area of weak mo (13-18 floors) has indoor-outdoor "
bile signal and "isolated island" effec ping-pong" effect, handover occurs
t. frequently, even call drop occurs.
Mid-level floors of the building (7-12

floors) has indoor-outdoor "ping-po
ng" effect, handover occurs frequentl
y, even call drop occurs.
Low level floors of the building (1-6 Bottom of the building (undergroun
floors) has high user density and co d floors) are blind areas of mobile si
ngested BTS channels, it is difficult f gnal or areas with weak mobile sign
or the handset to get connected. al, the handset cannot work properly
there.
Supermarket Underground car park

Analysis and Solution for Indoor Coverage Probl
ems
 The indoor distribution vendor mainly cares about the optimization of e
ngineering and doesn't carry out intergrated planning and optimization f
or outdoor and indoor distribution. Therefore, the user perception for in
door coverage system is poor.
 The integrated planning and optimization of indoor and outdoor distrib
ution is extremely important for the quality of indoor coverage.
The indoor coverage optimization should be handled by the system equipment provider.
Solution
With deep understanding on system networking and equipment performance, as well as

extensive experience in planning , design and optimization, the system equipment provi
der can implement unified planning and optimization of indoor and outdoor distributio
n.

Analysis of Indoor Coverage Optimization Techn
ologies
Customer Pe
rception Problems Found Solution
Call Drop Poor signal quality Neighboring

cell optimization
Weak coverage Coverage

optimization
Signal exists,
but the calls
Capacity problem Frequency
can not get through
optimization
Handover problem Capacity

optimization
Offline
Re-selection Parameters
problem optimization
To improve the quality of indoor coverage, we need to implement system-level para

meters optimization and systematic indoor and outdoor optimization.

Focus of Indoor Coverage Distribution
Simplify capa
Improve user perce city expansio
ption Create e
n
xcellent
User
TD netw
ork
Reduce engin Reduce operation an

eering difficul d maintence cost
ty
Goal: to optimize coverage, capacity, quality, and project engineering.

Networking Types of Indoor Distribution System

Components of Indoor Distribution System
 The Antennas used in the indoor distribution system mainly inclu

de omni-directional ceiling-mounted antenna, directional wall-m
ounted antenna, and directional Yagi-Uda antenna.
 The omni-directional ceiling-mounted antenna is mounted on the ceiling. Wit
h a gain of 3dB, it is mainly used to cover the normal area.
 The wall-mounted antenna is mainly used to cover the elevator and hallway. I
t provides centralized wave beams, higher front-to-back ratio and higher gain
(generally about 7dB), and it is used to keep the indoor signal from leaking to
the outdoors.
 Yagi-Uda antenna is mainly used to cover the elevator in the single-network s
ystem or as donor antenna. It has higher gain and narrower band.

Power Splitter
 The power splitter divides the power signal into even parts to be
used by different coverage areas. According to the structure, ther
e are two types of power splitter: micro-strip power splitter and c
avity power splitter.

Coupler
 The coupler is used to divide the signal into uneven two ends, na
mely the trunk end and coupled end, or the straight-through end
and coupled end. There are many types of couplers to use, such
as 5dB, 10dB, 15dB, 20dB, 25dB, 30dB etc. According to the struct
ure, the coupler falls into two types: micro-strip coupler and cavit
y coupler.

Combiner
 The combiner is used to feed the output power of multiple signal

s to the same output port and to prevent mutual influence of the
signals at the same time.

Feeder Cable
 Indoor coverage mainly use 3 types of coaxial feeder cable: 7/8 in

ch (genenral), 1/2 inch (genenral) and 1/2 inch (ultra-soft ). The c
oaxial feeder cable is used to transmit the signal power evenly be
tween the transmitter and the antenna. All electromagnetic wave
s are transmitted within the shielded external conductor and it ca
n prevent the coupling with the electromagnetic waves out of th
e cable.

Contents

Introduction to Indoor Coverage Solutions
Coupler Power s
Wireless-repeater-base plitter
d solution
Micro Trunk amplifier

Repeater BTS
Micro
BTS
Repeater-based solut Micro-BTS-base
ion d solution
RRU RRU3 7-10F
RRU2 4-6F
Baseband RRU1 1-3F

BBU
Optic fiber
SDR-based solution

SDR-based Solution VS Traditional Solution
Power split Power splitt
ter er
RRU
Trunk amplif
ier
Coupler
RRU
Signal s Single channel, the sig

Single channel, the sig Multiple channels, the sig
ource nals from the source ar Signal s nals from the
nals from sourc
the source are tr
e transmitted over one ource e are transmitte
ansmitted over multiple ca
cable. bles.
d over one cable.
Traditional Solution SDR-based solution
 All user signals are transmitted through  The signals are transmitted to the sourc
the backbone cable, and there is only o e via a multi-core optical cable.
ne backbone cable.  Different RRUs can share the same base
 The assignment of power should be co band, so the plannings of coverage and
nsidered in the planning of links. capacity can be conducted independentl
 Has limitations on both capacity and co y.
verage.  Has a lot of advantages on capacity, cov
erage and engineering.

Full Range of Solutions for Different Scenarios
Subway
Olympic Sp
orts Center
Office building/
hotel
Large venu
e
Scenic spot
Residential co
Emergency commu mmunities
nication

Solution for Residential Community
Current Situation
The high level floors have poor cverage and "isolated sland" e
ffect.
The middle level floors have Ping-pong effect and frequent ha
ndovers.
The elevator and underground floors have no coverage.
Comprehensive Solution
For the high level floors, the elevator and underground
floors, use indoor distribution system to solve
the problems of coverage and handover.
For the middle and low floors, use embellish antennas t
o provide comprehensive coverage

Solution for Commercial Street
Networking Scheme
 Use SDR networking with BBU+RRU,

the RRUs are connected to the BBU i
n series connection to share the bas
eband resource.The cell quantity an
d the managed cells of each RRU ar
e assigned based on the demand of
Advantages
capacity.
The cost of network constructi

Baseband on is reduced and the requirem
shared ent for equipment room is low
er.
RRUs The cost is reduced through tr

cascaded ansmission over optical fiber.
Easy The quantity of carriers for eac

capacity h RRU is selected according to
expansion the actual conditions

Solution for Subway Coverage (1)
Scenario Analysis
 The area to be covered is very long, the hallway and the tunnel should b
e under continuous coverage
 The signal loss on the train is large, and the high speed movement of th
e train causes Doppler effect
 Multiple users may conduct high speed handovers simultaneously, the r
atio of successful handovers need to be improved.
 Due to high density of population, the capacity should be designed acc How to cope with high
ording to the condition of peak kours. speed handover?
 Mutiple systems are deployed in the equipment room with limited spac
e.
Ceiling-mounted Antenna Ceiling-mounted Antenna
Leakage cable
Equipment roo
m
Equipment room
Platform
A
Platform B
Leakage cable
How to realize continuou How to cope with burs

s coverage over the platfo t of large demand for t
rm and tunnel? raffics?

Solution for Subway Coverage (2)
POI System Place high-gain di

rectional antenna
The signal source may be macro cell or BBU+R s at the exit of the
RU. The source is connected with the unified P tunnel.
OI system to realize integrated coverage for the
subway platform and the tunnel.
Leakage Cable
Used to reduce the signal loss on the tr

ain and to reduce the Doppler effect.
Network Planning
Set handover points for the cell according to the

construction conditions, so as to guarantee the r
atio of successful handovers.

Solution for Large Venue Coverage (1)
 Signal transmission features: Since the floor has a lar
ge area, the engineers need to control the signal bet
ween the cells, control the handover area properly, a
nd pay special attentions to the planning of frequenci
es to prevent frequency interference.
 Capacity features: large demand for capacity, the suc
cessive expansion can be implemented via cell expan
sion and carrier expansion.
 Cell planning requirement: Different cells are set to c
over different functional areas. Set the area on the lo
wer level floor, such as the hallway, as the the handov
er area between the cells.At the same time, the quant
ity of the cells should be controlled. If too many cells
are configured, the signals on the same floor will be i
n disorder, and the planning will become more difficu
lt.
 Requirement on coverage of different RRUs in the sa
me cell: Each RRU should cover independent areas. It
is suggested to set different RRUs to cover different fl
oors and segments so as to provide a fundation for s
uccessive cell expansions.

Solution for Large Venue Coverage (2)
 Adopt flexible networking schemes to c RRU
onstruct the stadium effeciently. Weak el
 The BBUs are placed in a centralized manne BBU ectric-pu
mp well
r. The RRUs can be palced at the ceiling, the
weak electric-pump well and the equiment r
oom of the stadium.
m
Stadiu
 Adopt baseband-sharing to utilize the r
esources more effectively.
 The basebands are placed in a centralized m
anner and the capacities are shared. The bas
eband resource can be adjusted according t
o the transition of traffics.
 Coverage and capacity are planned ind
ependently to facilitate the successive e
xpansion
 The coverage and capacity are planned inde
pendently. The coverage is realized by conn
ecting the RRU to the indoor distribution sy
stem. During the busy hours, the baseband
can be eapanded in a centralized manner.

Impact on GSM Network from Multi-system Co
mbining of Indoor Distribution
 Considering the combining of WLAN system or WCDMA system,
it is suggested that the working frequency of the passive compon
ent must be 800 ～ 2500MHz.
 The combiner should satisfy the requirement on isolation betwee
n different systems and other specific indexes; As shared compon
ents, the power splitter, coupler and antenna should meet with th
e requirements for the frequency band of shared system; The co
mponents of each system should be narrowband components w
hich have better performances.

Replacement of Multi-system Combining Feeder
Cable
 The frequency loss of 2000MHz is quite different from that of 900M
Hz. When the frequency is over 1.9GHz, the 8D feeder cable and 10D
feeder cable are not appliable. And the feeder cable should be replac
ed according to the following requirements:
 The 8D/10D feeder cables in the original GSM distribution system , with the length
of more than 5m, should be replaced with 1/2 〞 feeder cables; The 8D/10D feeder
cable should not tbe used as backbone feeder cable.
 The 1/2 〞 feeder cables in the original GSM distribution system, with the length o
f more than 50m, should be replaced with 7/8 〞 feeder cables; The 1/2 〞 backbo
ne feeder cables with the length of more than 30m, should be replaced with 7/8 〞
feeder cables.
 In order to control the cost of feeder cable replacement, the abandoned 1/2 〞 fee
der cable and connectors can be used to replace the 8D/10D feeder cables.
 Such replacement will reduce the loss on feeder cables in the GSM in
door coverage and enhance the original coverage.

Planning of Indoor Distribution System Coverag
e
 In actual applications, the coverage radius of the single antenna i
s the key point to be considered, which mainly includes 2 parts:
 Calculation of the loss from the signal source to the antenna port (referred as
“link budget” hereinafter.)
 Link budget: Select proper feeder cable, coupler and power splitter to calculat
e the link budget, and plan the power assignment carefully. It is suggested to
adopt the coverage mode of passive indoor distributed system.
 Calculation of the loss in the air (referred as “radio budget” hereinafter.)
 Radio budget: By calculating the maximum of allowed service loss, we can get
the coverage radius of the single antenna under certain transmission model s
o as to determine the positions of the antennas for realizing continuous cover
age. The radio budget is calculated according to the coverage capability of th
e pilot.

e
 Select the GSM transmission model under indoor environment
 Lbs=42.6+20lgf(MHz)+26lgd(km) +FAF+8dB
 Where,
 "Lbs" refers to the path loss (dB);
 "d" refers to the distance (km);
 "FAF" refers to the additional environmental loss (dB), which is related with th
e type, the structure and the materials of the building.The "FAF" value should
be adjusted according to the actual scenario.
 "8dB" refers to the fading margin of the indoor environment, which includes t
he fading caused by the space fading effect and time fading effect.

e
Type of Material Loss
Partition wall of common bricks (< 30 cm) 10 ～ 15dB
Concrete wall 20 ～ 30dB
Concrete floor slab 25 ～ 30dB
Pipes on the ceiling 1 ～ 8dB
Metalic escalator 5dB
Box lift 30dB
Human body 3dB
Wooden furniture 3 ～ 6dB
Glass 5 ～ 8 dB

e
 The edge field strength of the GSM indoor coverage should be -
80dBm, the imput power of the antenna port should be 6dBm, an
d the gain of antenna should be 3dBi.By calculation, we can know
that:
 The maximum allowed Lbs =6+3- （ -80 ） =89dB;
 Suppose there is a wall with the FAF value of 25dB in the transmi
ssion path, then the coverage of the antenna is:
 89dB= Lbs =42.6+20lg900(MHz)+26lgd(km) +25 dB +8dB
 d=17m.
 By calculation, we can know that the single antenna in the GSM i

ndoor coverage can cover 17m.

Planning of Handovers of Indoor distribution Sys
tem
 The indoor/outdoor handover areas should be se at the entrance/exi
t of the building. The handover area should be no more than 5m awa
y from the entrance/exit.
 The antenna should be placed near the window to let the area has the strongest in
door signals and to prevent handovers of indoor/outdoor signals.
 Adjust the cell selection and re-selection parameters so as to make it easier for the
user to select the indoor cells.
 For multiple cells configuration, adopt unidirectional neighbor cell strategy for ind
oor and outdoor cells relaion of the high level floors, or configure the cells to have
no neighboring relation.
 Pinciple for designing the handovers in the elevator:
 The handover area for getting in / out of the elevator should be the hall, not the d
oor of the elevator.
 There should be no handovers within the elevator when the elevator is getting up
or down.
 The handover area for the cells inside the building should be the place with lower
probability of service, such as the stairwell.

Sample of S8001 Coverage - Overview
 As a world-class telecom equipment manufacturer, ZTE Corporati

on established a R&D center in Xi'an, which has a main building
of 6 floors, with large area of single floor, and each floor has hun
dreds of subscribers of telecom services.

Sample of S8001 Coverage - Link Budget
Downlink Uplink
Transmission power of BTS (200 Transmission power of the handset(1w) 30 (dBm)
mW) 23 (dBm)
Loss on human body 3 (dB)
Loss on combiners 0 (dB)
Loss on buildings 18 (dB)
BTS Antenna Gain 0 (dBi)
Equivalent transmission power of the
Loss on feeder and connector 0.5 (dB)
handset 9 (dBm)
Loss on tower amplifier 0 (dB) BTS receiver sensitivity -100 (dBm)
Loss on duplexer 0 (dB) BTS Antenna Gain 0 (dBi)
Equivalent radiated power of BTS 22.5 (dBm) Tower amplifier gain to BTS sensitivity 0 (dB)
Power level received by hands Diversity gain 0 (dB)
et -102 (dBm)
Loss on human body 3 (dB) Loss on feeder and connector 0.5 (dB)
Loss on buildings 18 (dB) Loss on divider 0 (dB)
Margin for Fast fading and deterior Margin for Fast fading and deterior
ation 6 (dB) ation 6 (dB)
System Redundancy 8 (dB) System Redundancy 8 (dB)
Threshold of equivalent power level r

Threshold of the power received eceived by BTS -85.5 (dBm)
by the handset -67.00 (dBm) Allowed indoor Lbs 94.5 (dB)
Allowed indoor Lbs 89.50 (dB)
Allowed outdoor Lbs 112.5 (dB)
Allowed outdoor Lbs 107.50 (dB)

Sample of S8001 Coverage - Link Budget
Normally, reliable communication may be achieved when the field strength
is over -85dBm. The handset receiver sensitivity is -102dBm, and the allowe
d indoor Lbs is 72.5dBm.
Loss by transmission in free space: Ls(dB)=42.6+20Lgf(MHz)+ 26Lgd(Km)
When "f" is 900MHz, Ls(dB)= 101.6+26Lgd(Km)
After calcu
lation
Covered distance
Coverage
(m)
S8001
Pass one wall 76
Pass two walls 15.5

Sample of S8001 Coverage - Planing of Coverag
e and Bandwidth Located in weak el
Planning
Planningof
ofcapacity
capacity ectric-pump well 1
Northwestern corridor
on 1st floor
 Traffics for single subscriber: 0.03erl/each person on 2nd floor
 Gos=2%
Hub
 Reserve 1 PDTCH for the PS service Northwestern corridor
on 3rd floor
 The configuration adopts 1 BCCH channel, 6 TCh ch
annels and 1 PDTCH channel. There are about 2000 Northwestern corridor
on 4th floor
subscribers in the main building. The demand for ca
pacity can be satisfied by deploying 12 S8001 syste Northwestern corridor
on 5th floor
ms.
on 6th floor
Planning
Planningof
ofbandwidth
bandwidth Category-5 :S8001
cable
 Bandwidth of IP line
 For 1-7 circuits of voice service, the network i Southeastern corridor
nterface bandwidth should be 20-140kbps (bi Located in weak elec on 1st floor
-directional). tric-pump well 2
Southeastern corridor
 For EDGE MCS9 coding, the network interface on 2nd floor
bandwidth should be 0.35Mbps (bi-directiona Hub
l). Southeastern corridor
 The common broadband network can provid on 3rd floor
e the accessing bandwidth of 512K ～ 1Mbps. Southeastern corridor

on 4th floor
 Since the system adopts public network accessing,
each S8001 uses 1 ADSL link, each ADSL link should Southeastern corridor
have the bandwidth of 512K or above. on 5th floor
Southeastern corridor
on 6th floor

Sample of S8001 Coverage - Frequency Planning
 Method 1: Use the automatic frequency planning of S8001

 This method needs no manual interference.
 Method 2: automatic scanning + manual configuration

 Assign the frequencies manually according to the scanning result of frequenci
es reported by S8001 and the frequency planning of macro base stations in th
e surrounding environment.
 Note: In order to realize the handovers and re-selections betwee

n the macro base station and S8001, the frequencies of S8001 ne
ed to be added into the list of neighboring cells of the macro bas
e station.

Sample of S8001 Coverage - Networking Diagra
m

Sample of S8001 Coverage - Coverage Before
and After Comissioning
Field RxLevelSub
Threshold Samples Percent(%) Cumulate Cumulate(%)
[-110, -94) 4 0.9 4 0.9
[-94, -90) 37 8.35 41 9.26
[-90, -85) 66 14.9 107 24.15
[-85, -80) 77 17.38 184 41.53
[-80, -75) 113 25.51 297 67.04

[-75, -65) 114 25.73 411 92.78
>=-65 32 7.22 443 100
Total Samples 443 Average -78.59
Max -44 Min -95
After comission
ing After comissioni
ng
Field RxLevelSub
Threshold Samples Percent(%) Cumulate Cumulate(%)
[-110, -94) 0 0 0 0
[-94, -90) 0 0 0 0
[-90, -85) 0 0 0 0
[-85, -80) 0 0 0 0
[-80, -75) 0 0 0 0
[-75, -65) 7 1.5 7 1.5
>=-65 460 98.5 467 100
Total Samples 467 Average -56.37
Max -37 Min -71

Coverage of Shenzhen Subway Line1 - Overview
 As one of the two subway lines in operation currently, Shenzhen Subway Line 1 is
a very important part in the urban rail system of the city. It runs from the eastern t
o the western of the city, which consists of dozens of stations from Luohu Railway
Station to the Window of the World. The line mainly runs under the Southern Ren
min Road and Shennan Road. It connects the DongMen commecial area, CaiWuW
ei commecial area, HuaQiangBei commercial area, the CBD, the residential area an
d tourism area of Shenzhen OCT.

Coverage of Shenzhen Subway Line 1 - Scenario
Analysis and Solution
Scenario Analysis
 The area to be covered is very long, the hallway and the tunnel should be under continuous coverage
 The signal loss on the train is large, and the high speed movement of the train causes Doppler effect
 Multiple users may conduct high speed handovers simultaneously, the ratio of successful handovers n
eed to be improved.
 Due to high density of population, the capacity should be designed according to the condition of peak
kours.
 Multiple system are distributed indoors, the combining problem needs to be solved.
Solution
 Each station uses a ZXG10-8018 macro BTS (with the transmission power of 80W for single carrier) to c
over the tunnel and subway hall. The tunnel adots leakage cable and the hall adotps ceiling-mounted a
ntenna for coverage.
 The leakage cable is deployed in the tunnel to reduce signal loss in the train.
 Multiple measures are taken to quarantee the handovers when the train gets into/out of the station, th
e train runns in the tunnel, when the train gets into/out of the tunnel.
 The carrier quantity for each station is assigned according to the actual condition of peak hours.
 Adopt the multi-system combining platform (POI) to distribute multiple systems indoors.

Coverage of Shenzhen Subway Line 1 - Link Bud
get
 Handover interval: Suppose the train runs at the speed of 80KM/Hour

， and each cell keeps a handover area for 6 seconds, the handover int
erval should be 133m.
 Rack-top Output Power: 43dBm
 Field Strength at the Edge: -85dBm
 The length of 7/8 feeder calbe is 100m.
After calculation, we can know that the leakage cable is no more tha
n 1250m, and it can cover 1250*2=2500m at most.
Note: if the interval between the two stations is larger, we must add
active devices, such as the trunk amplifier, to extend the coverage
.

Coverage of Shenzhen Subway Line 1- Handover
Planning
Handover when the train gets into/out of the station
Use the indoor ceiling-mounted antenna to

ensure the signal level at the escalator is ab
ove -85dBM. The handover is conducted by
sharing the same coverage area with the out
door antenna.
Handovers when the train runns in the tunnel
The leakage cable between the two stations rem

ain connected.Since ww have designed the han
dover area, when the train gets to the middle o
f the tunnel, the signal from the original cell be
comes weak, and the signal from the switched-
in cell turns to be enhanced, so as to prevent c
all drop.
Handover when the train gets into/out of the tunnel
Use outdoor directional antenna at the mouth of the t

unnel to extend the in-tunnel signal to the outside of
the tunnel. According to the speed of the train, calcul
ate the length of handover area to meet with the requ
irement for directional coverage.
Notice: we can also bing in the outdoor signal to solve the handover problem here.

Contents

Locating of Common Faults of Indoor Distributio
n System
 The locating of some common faults of the indoor distribution syste
m is as follows:
 The downlink power level of the entire covered area is weak: The cause may be the
output power of the signal source is too low, the signal source has stopped workin
g, the standing wave of the system is too large, or the backbone cable connector is
disconnected.
 The downlink power level is OK, but single pass occurs on the uplink channels, the
power control is ON, but the transmission power of the handset is always at the hi
ghest level: It may be caused by the uplink modules of the device, such as the upli
nk low-noise power amplifier.
 The downlink power level of some area or some antenna is weak: The cause may t
he branch link is disconnected, the standing wave is too large, the component has
some problem, or the connecter is loosen.
 The leakage power level is too large: First, find out the cause of the leakage (the si
gnal is on which layer). Then replace the omni-directional antenna with directional
antanna, reduce the power of the antenna, move the antenna to another place to r
educe the leakage.

Locating of Common Faults of Indoor Distributio
n System
 The handover is failed when the user getting into/out of the building
and the basement: The cause may be the neighboring cell relation is
not configured, or the coverage is overlapped.
 The conversation quality is too poor: The cause may be the device ha
s some problem, the power level is too weak, or there is interference
from the neighboring frequency of the external network.
 The top floors have serious Ping-pong effect: the cause may be that t
he signals of the original external network on the top levels are too s
trong, too complicated and unstable, even after the indoor distributi
on system is deployed. You can change the HOMARGIN of the indoo
r signal, or set directional handover, or change the frequency to redu
ce the interference on the indoor signal. If the problem is very seriou
s, you can add antennas to enhance the coverage and improve C/I.

Troubleshooting of Common Faults of Indoor Di
stribution System
 Problems with the Device and Signal Source
 For the problem occurs in the entire coverage area, such as the downlink or u
plink power level is very weak, and signle pass, you need to check the working
status of the device and replace the module if needed.
 When the signal source selected by the repeater is not stable, or multiple sign
al sources are brought into the floor, it is very easy to cause call drop, poor co
nversation quality and frequent handovers. Then you need to low down the o
utdoor donor antenna, and try the best to let it face the BTS cell with strong si
gnal to ensure the signal from the donor antenna is pure and stable.If the abo
ve measure is not possible due to the environment, you can replace the signal
source with optical repeater or cell device.

stribution System
 Problem of Coverage Interference
 Solution: It is quite easy to solve the the problem about the whole coverage a
rea, you can check the devices, the connector and other components at the o
utput end.If the problem of poor coverage is only in some part of the area, it
may be caused by that the componnet, the connector or the cable is damage
d, and you check the standing wave and the power by segment.
 Solution:

Check the devices to see whether the selected band, or the wave filter is faulty.

Check the signal source to see whether the repeater has brought in multiple freque
ncies, which include frequencies from the same neighboring cell)
 Check whether there is interference between the indoor frequency and outdo
or frequency, especially at the places under overlapping coverage, such as ne
ar the window. You can improve the C/I by repalcing the frerquency or enhan
cing the signal coverage near the window.

stribution System
 Problem of Indoor Signal Leakage
 After the location of the leakage is figured out, you can take the following acti
ons:
1. Replace the omni-directional antanna with directional antenna, so as to reduc
e the directions of signal radiation toward the outdoor.
2. Low down the power of the antennam, so as to ensure that the power level le
akage to the outdoor meet with the target.
3. Move the antenna from the outer side of the window to the inner side. Make
sure the area is properly covered.

stribution System
 Problem with Parameter and Handover
 For the unresonable parameter, you can change it directly. For example, you c
an add the neighbor cell if needed. For the area with handover problem, such
as the entrance and exit of the elevator or the basement, you can also adjust t
he parameter to guaranty the normal handover. You can adjust the "N", "P" v
alue and the window value, turn off pre-processing to implement quick hand
over the the elevator or outdoor area.If the handover problem is very seriou, y
ou can add antennas at the entrance/exit of the elevator hall and the baseme
nt to ensure the handover is normal and to prevent call drop.If the signal can
be handovered to the outdoors but cannot be handovered back to the indoor
s near the top level windows, you can congigure the cells with specilized cove
rage that the cell covering the top level area will only handover in but not han
dover out. And the multi-directional neighboring cell relation is set between t
he top level and the low level cells to solve the problem of "ping-pong effect"
and frequent re-selection.

Sample Cases of Indoor Distribution System Opti
mization
 Coverage Problem
 From the CQT test, we can see that most of the problems are related with the
coverage. And most of the coverage problems occur at the evevator and som
e indoor distribution points. All the coverage problems are caused by that the
host or some part of the indoor distribution system has problem. It is suggest
ed to check the host, the trunk amplifier, and the cable connected to the host.

mization
 Interference Problem
 Some indoor ditribution point has good signal, but the conversation quality a
nd handover is poor. From the test data, we can see that there is interference
with that point. If the interference comes from the internal network, it is sugg
ested to examine and control the coverage of the related cell, or to change th
e frequency point between the cell.
 If the interference comes from the outside, it is suggested to find out the sour
ce of the interference.

mization
 Leakage Problem
 Some site has very strong signals, and we can see there is leakage of signal in
the test. For this kind of problem, it is suggested to check whether the indoor
distribution points are deployed proplerly, or the indoor distribution power is
too strong. You may need to adjust the points or parameters to control the le
akage.
 Optimization Measure: Generally, you can meet with the requirement either b
y adjusting the power or by adjusting the indoor distribution antenna. Someti
mes, you may need to take both of the measures. After you low down the out
put power of the host and adjust the location of the antenna, the leakage will
be controlled.

mization
 Problem of Handover Between the Underground Car Park and th
e Outdoors
 From the handover test while walking, the engineer finds that the handover b
etween the underground car park and the outdoors is very slow. We can imag
ine that this problem is more serious when the car is getting into/out of the c
ar park. It is suggested to adjust the handover parameters of the related indo
or and outdoor cells to let the handover become faster.
 Generally, there is a passage between the car park and the outdoor area, and
the users seldome stay at the passage. So we can speed up the handover by a
djusting the handover threshold or the judging time. By adjusting the neighb
oring cells of the indoor signal and outdoor signal, the indoor signal is hando
vered to the outdoor signal promptly, and the signal strength of the handset i
s assured.

mization
 Problem with the Signal Source
 Some indoor distribution point has more than one signal, and all the indoor a
rea has multiple signals which are weak. Since the indoor signal is weak, the o
utdoor signal is also brought into the indoor floor, the handset is handovered
among different signals. In this case, it is not easy to distiguish the indoor sig
nal from the outdoor signal, and the network quality is easy to be affected by
frequent handover and frequency interference.
 Solution:
1. Enhance the signal from one of the BTS in service.
2. Make careful planning for the frequencies
3. Configure the re-selection and handover parameters to prevent excessive re-select
ion and ping-pong handover.

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GSM Indoor Coverage Solutio

 Introduction to indoor distribution system

Key Indexes Network

Call Call Ratio of Data

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Mid-level floors of the building (7-12

Supermarket Underground car park

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With deep understanding on system networking and equipment performance, as well as

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Call Drop Poor signal quality Neighboring

Weak coverage Coverage

Handover problem Capacity

To improve the quality of indoor coverage, we need to implement system-level para

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Reduce engin Reduce operation an

Goal: to optimize coverage, capacity, quality, and project engineering.

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 The Antennas used in the indoor distribution system mainly inclu

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 The combiner is used to feed the output power of multiple signal

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 Indoor coverage mainly use 3 types of coaxial feeder cable: 7/8 in

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 Introduction to indoor distribution system

Micro Trunk amplifier

RRU RRU3 7-10F

Baseband RRU1 1-3F

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Signal s Single channel, the sig

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For the high level floors, the elevator and underground

floors, use indoor distribution system to solve

the problems of coverage and handover.

For the middle and low floors, use embellish antennas t

o provide comprehensive coverage

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 Use SDR networking with BBU+RRU,

The cost of network constructi

RRUs The cost is reduced through tr

Easy The quantity of carriers for eac

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Ceiling-mounted Antenna Ceiling-mounted Antenna

How to realize continuou How to cope with burs

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POI System Place high-gain di

Used to reduce the signal loss on the tr

Set handover points for the cell according to the

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