1.

What is a discipline of social science that focuses on

society, human social behavior, patterns of social
relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture
associated with everyday life?
A. Anthropology B. History
C. Political Science D. Sociology
2. Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human
behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present
and past, including past human species. Which of the following statements
does NOT describe the nature, goals, and perspective of Anthropology?
A. To understand how we adapt to different environmental conditions and how
we vary as species.
B. To find out about the natural and social parts of humankind all throughout
the planet and all through time.
C. To comprehend the fossil record of early people and their precursors just as
the archeological record of later ancient social orders.
D. To understand the causes and consequences of social change in terms of
general causes and effects as well as unique historical circumstances.
3. Political science is the study of politics and power from domestic, international, and
comparative perspectives. Which of the following statements describes the nature, goals,
and perspectives of Political Science?

A. The study of the natural causes, and consequences of collective decisions and actions
taken by groups of people embedded in cultures and institutions that structure power and
authority.
B. To understand the causes and consequences of population composition and pressures and
how population affects the environment and development of societies.
C. Can be viewed from its historical perspective because it is a global discipline involving
humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences.
D. To understand the meaning and consequences of modernity, post-modernity, and the new
globalization.
4. Culture refers to a complex whole that encompasses the beliefs, practices,
norms, and attitudes of an individual or group of people. What situation below
is best suited to the statement?
A. Nadia attended a political rally near the city hall.
B. Mang Danny brought his son Danilo to a faith healer in order to cure his
illness.
C. Barry participated in a mass registration in the office of the Commission on
Election.
D. The mother of Missy is known to be a strict mother in which she usually
asked not to join in any party with her barkada, especially at night.
5. Emma Cruz was awarded as the most outstanding employee of Mabuhay City Hall in
Mabuhay City. She devoted her time to giving public service and attending to the needs of
the people in the city without expecting something in return, but she wanted to pursue her
studies and enroll in Public Administration. What do you think is her reason for enrolling in
relation to her work at the city hall?
A. She needs the knowledge and practical skills she can get in her studies in order to be a
better public servant without violating any laws.
B. She needs to enroll in the course in order to gain insights into the relationship of human
life from a different perspective.
C. In order to know more about how to hold an office and be a part of any government
institution someday.
D. In order to be famous and acquire more knowledge about how to gain the trust of the
people in the city.
6. Nelson is a young traveler from Taiwan. He loves to visit different places in
like the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand. He was amazed by the wonders of
nature, tasted a lot of food, appreciates their dress, and witnessed the different
festivals in the different countries. What realization do you think he can gain
from this situation?
A. He will learn the similarities and differences between various cultures and
provides an explanation for the existence of a different cultural pattern.
B. He can recommend to his friends which country has a good government
system through their culture.
C. He can examine his role in society and contribute something to attain social
order.
D. He can examine which culture is better than the other.
7. What is an ability to connect personal challenges to
larger social issues; it allows people to better
understand their own personal experiences and within
the context of society at large?
A. Cultural Relativism B. Ethnocentrism
C. Sociological Imagination D. Xenocentrism
Example of Sociological Imagination

Imagine a young woman named Sarah who is struggling to find a job after graduating from college. Initially,
Sarah blames herself for her unemployment, feeling inadequate and frustrated. However, with the help of
sociological imagination, she begins to consider broader social factors influencing her situation.
Sarah reflects on how economic globalization has shifted job opportunities, leading to increased competition
and job insecurity. She also considers how technological advancements have automated many entry-level
positions, reducing the number of available jobs for recent graduates like herself.

Sarah examines the impact of societal expectations and educational systems on her predicament. She realizes
that societal pressure to obtain a college degree may have led to oversaturation in certain fields, making it
difficult for graduates to stand out in the job market.

By applying sociological imagination, Sarah understands that her unemployment is not solely due to personal
shortcomings but is influenced by larger societal forces. This realization prompts her to advocate for policy
changes that address systemic issues such as job creation, education reform, and support for young job
seekers. Through sociological imagination, Sarah gains a deeper understanding of her situation and empowers
herself to enact change on both individual and societal levels.
• Xenocentrism is a cultural phenomenon characterized by a preference for foreign or
exotic goods, ideas, or practices over those of one's own culture. It involves valuing
and prioritizing external influences and perspectives, often at the expense of
indigenous or local traditions. Xenocentrism can manifest in various aspects of life,
including consumer choices, cultural practices, and societal norms. It reflects a
mindset that perceives foreign cultures as inherently superior or more desirable,
leading individuals or societies to adopt or emulate foreign customs and values
while devaluing their own cultural heritage. It is different from the concept of
“colonial mentality” which refers to a psychological concept that describes the internalized
attitudes and behaviors of individuals or communities who have been colonized or
subjected to colonial rule. It involves adopting the cultural norms, values, and perspectives
of the colonizer while devaluing or rejecting aspects of one's own culture. Colonial
mentality often persists even after the end of colonial rule and can affect various aspects of
life, including identity, self-esteem, and socio-economic dynamics. It may manifest as a
preference for Western ideals, standards, and products, and a denigration of indigenous or
local customs, languages, and traditions. Colonial mentality is deeply rooted in historical
and socio-political contexts, shaped by power dynamics, cultural imperialism, and the
legacy of colonization.
8. What refers to the increasing connectedness between societies across the globe; there are more flows of
information and ideas, money, and people moving across national boundaries?
A. Ethnography B. Globalization C. Industrialization D. Positivism

A. Ethnography:

Ethnography is a research method used in anthropology and sociology to study and document the culture and social behaviors
of specific groups or communities. It involves immersing oneself in the culture being studied, often through participant
observation and interviews, to gain a deeper understanding of the group's practices, beliefs, and values.
C. Industrialization:

Industrialization refers to the process of economic and social transformation characterized by the shift from agrarian-based
societies to ones dominated by industrial manufacturing and production. It involves the development of mechanized industries,
factories, and mass production methods, leading to changes in work patterns, urbanization, and societal structures.
D. Positivism:

Positivism is a philosophical and scientific approach that emphasizes the use of empirical evidence and scientific methods to
study and understand the world. It originated in the 19th century with thinkers like Auguste Comte and emphasizes the
importance of observable facts, logical reasoning, and objective analysis in the pursuit of knowledge. Positivism seeks to
uncover universal laws governing human behavior and society, viewing social phenomena as subject to empirical investigation
similar to natural sciences.
9. Dr. Cruz is an anthropologist in the Philippines, she usually studies
humans and its languages use, culture, biological, and material remains. As
an anthropologist, these are the most common questions he usually asked,
EXCEPT;
A. How did humans evolve?
B. What kind of diversity is found in humans?
C. How do people adapt to different environments?
D. What government actions tend to increase or reduce unemployment?
10. Aristotle: Father of Political Science; ______________________: Father of Sociology.
A. Auguste Comte B. Emile Durkheim C. Karl Marx D. Radcliffe Brown

B. Emile Durkheim:

Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist known for his work on structural functionalism and his studies of social cohesion,
solidarity, and the division of labor in society. He emphasized the importance of social institutions in maintaining stability and order,
and he explored concepts such as collective consciousness and social integration. Durkheim's contributions laid the foundation for
modern sociology and influenced various fields, including criminology, anthropology, and social psychology.
C. Karl Marx:

Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and sociologist known for his theories on capitalism, socialism, and communism.
He critiqued the inequalities and injustices inherent in capitalist societies, arguing that they were characterized by class struggle
between the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (working class). Marx's ideas laid the groundwork
for Marxist theory, which has had a profound impact on political thought, economics, and social movements worldwide.
D. Radcliffe-Brown:

A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, also known as Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown, was a British social anthropologist known for his
contributions to structural functionalism and social anthropology. He focused on the study of kinship systems, social structures, and
social organization in traditional societies. Radcliffe-Brown emphasized the importance of social institutions in maintaining social
order and stability, and his work helped shape the development of anthropology as a discipline.
11. The Philippine National flag is not just a piece of cloth; it also conveys a
deeper meaning of love in our country and freedom. The flag is an example of a
material culture. Which of the following situations shows how culture is
valued?
A. The artifacts are cleaned, repaired, and put back in one of the boxes for their
safety and to be preserved once every year.
B. Michael is a curator in one of the museums in Bayani City, he entertains and
gives his attention to foreign visitors only.
C. Danica did not stop when the Philippine flag is being raised in school.
D. Donna loves to buy paintings created by Filipino artists.
12. Culture comprises two types of material (tangible) and nonmaterial culture (intangible), norms, and values
are examples of nonmaterial culture. Which of the following describes a nonmaterial culture?

A. A physical object, such as its tools and technology, clothing, eating utensils, and means of transportation.

B. It includes values, beliefs, symbols, and language that define a society.

C. It represents the love of one’s country the and freedom of people.

D. A structure that is explicitly created to commemorate a person.

• 13. In societies such as the Balinese and Tinguian of Oceania, the Chewa and Thonga of Africa, and the
Siriono of South America, kissing is unknown, as the people there think it is unhealthy and disgusting. How
does culture define this situation?

• A. Culture changes B. Culture is sharedC. Culture is unique. D.

Culture is maladaptive.
14. Which of the following best describes cultural diversity?

A. The different cultures that emerge in one place only.

B. People adopting the acceptable culture of the other society.

C. A group of people in which a variety of cultural or ethnic groups exist.

D. People from different cultures contribute aspects of their own culture to one
larger culture.
15
Which is the best definition of cultural relativism?
A. Nurturing the young ones in order to pass on one’s culture.
B. A cultural group's desire to pass on its values to the next generation.
C. The highest ranking for a group's most cherished customs and values.
D. A guide that explains that one society cannot force people to impose
their own views and standards on other people.
16.

The early hominids were called nomadic people and dependent on the supply of food in the place they lived in.
What do mean by nomads?

A. They were habitually quadrupedal.

B. They were using their two legs in walking and standing.

C. They ate other humans because of the limited food supply.

D. They moved from one place to another because of food supply.

17. Which of the following statements is true about adaptations and
adjustments?
A. Adaptations may be biologically inherited.
B. Adjustment refers to a cultural response to environmental stress.
C. Non-physiological changes that occur in response to environmental
stresses.
D. Adjustments and adaptations are both equally likely to occur in
response to mild short-term environmental stresses.
18. Julia follows the laws imposed by the government. She sees to it that she’s a socially responsible
individual in the community she’s living in. These standards and rules imposed by society are called
what?
A. Gender Equality B. Norms C. Sexual Scripts
D. Values

A. Gender Equality:
Gender equality refers to the idea that all individuals, regardless of their gender, should have equal rights,
opportunities, and treatment in all aspects of life, including education, employment, politics, and social interactions.
It involves challenging and dismantling gender-based discrimination and stereotypes to achieve fairness and justice
for all genders.

C. Sexual Scripts:
Sexual scripts are societal norms and expectations regarding sexual behavior, roles, and relationships. They
encompass cultural beliefs, values, and attitudes about sexuality and guide individuals' understanding of appropriate
sexual conduct and interpersonal dynamics. Sexual scripts can vary across cultures and historical periods and
influence people's perceptions of sexuality, consent, and intimacy.

D. Values:
Values are deeply held beliefs and principles that guide individuals' attitudes, behaviors, and decision-making
processes. They represent what is considered important, desirable, or morally right within a society or culture.
Values may include concepts such as honesty, integrity, compassion, freedom, and justice, and they play a central
role in shaping individuals' identities and shaping societal norms and standards.
19. The interrelations among people and other social units in the society
formed norms, values, and tradition; based on the statement, why is
social organizations important?

A. It examines how social status affects social order.

B. It assesses the influence of leaders on the lives of the members.
C. it discusses ways in which role expectations can lead to role conflict.
D. It stresses the role of social interaction and how people behave in
society according to its goal and purpose.
20. Mang Jose, a 49 yrs. old man is the oldest member of Mactan
Motors Organizations in Cebu. He engaged in numerous motor cross
competitions and give his best to excel in this field because of this, he
can support his five daughters to college until they can graduate. What
motivated Mang Jose to join the organization?
A. The popularity he can get because of his talent.
B. The friendship he gained with the members of the organization.
C. He was forced by other people to be a member of this organization.
D. The rewards that are associated with membership in the organization
like monetary and other benefits he can get.
21. Our modern society comprises different organizations
made up of small groups to large group of people. Why do we
need to join any organizations in society?

A. Because people will feel an affinity with others in society.

B. Because people will receive a tangible benefit from joining
C. Because people feel pressured to do so.
D. Because people have no choice.
26.The study, analysis, and description of humanity’s past and present.
Answer: Anthropology

27.The scientific investigation of human culture and social behavior.

Answer: Sociology

28.A discipline in social sciences concerned with human society and human social activities.
Answer: Sociology

29.The study of the natural causes and consequences of collective decisions and actions taken by
groups of people embedded in cultures and institutions that structure power and authority.
Answer: Political Science

30.An investigation of the state in the past, present, and future of the political organization,
political functions of political establishments, and political theories.
Answer: Political Science
Non-material culture (Intangible Culture)
Non-material culture refers to the intangible aspects of
culture, including ideas, beliefs, values, norms, and
social practices that shape society and individuals'
behavior. It encompasses the shared meanings, symbols,
and understandings that guide social interactions and
shape people's perceptions of the world.
Culture Wheel

The Culture Wheel is a diagram that explains and analyzes the actions
of individuals based on their cultural diversity and background. It
visualizes the interconnectedness of various cultural elements, such as
language, beliefs, customs, and traditions, and how they influence
human behavior and interactions.
Acculturation:
Acculturation is the process whereby individuals or groups of differing
ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society. It
involves adopting the practices and values of the dominant culture while
still retaining elements of one's own cultural identity. Acculturation
often occurs through interaction and exchange between cultural groups
and can lead to cultural change and adaptation over time.
Examples of Acculturation:
1.An immigrant family from Mexico moves to the United States for better economic
opportunities. Over time, they adapt to American culture by learning English,
participating in American holidays and traditions, and integrating into their new
community. While retaining aspects of their Mexican heritage, such as celebrating
Dia de los Muertos or cooking traditional dishes at home, they also embrace
elements of American culture, such as sending their children to American schools
and participating in community events.
2.A group of international students arrives in a foreign country to pursue higher
education. As they interact with local students, professors, and community members,
they undergo the process of acculturation. They adapt to the cultural norms and
practices of the host country by learning its language, adjusting to its educational
system, and engaging in social activities typical of the local culture. Through
exposure to new perspectives and experiences, the international students integrate
into the host culture while maintaining connections to their own cultural identities.
Enculturation:
Enculturation is the process of being socialized into a specific culture,
typically by one's family or community. It involves learning and
internalizing the cultural norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors of one's
society or social group, thereby acquiring the knowledge and skills
necessary to participate effectively in that culture.
Examples of Enculturation
1.A child born into a traditional Hindu family in India learns about the religious rituals,
customs, and beliefs from an early age. Through daily practices such as attending temple
ceremonies, participating in festivals, and reciting prayers, the child internalizes the values
and norms of Hindu culture. As the child grows older, they come to understand their roles
within the family and community, guided by the cultural expectations and traditions passed
down through generations.

2. A teenager in Japan goes through the process of enculturation as they navigate the social
norms and expectations of Japanese society. They learn the importance of respect for elders,
humility, and group harmony through interactions with family members, peers, and teachers.
By adhering to cultural practices such as bowing as a sign of respect and speaking politely to
authority figures, the teenager internalizes the values and behaviors valued in Japanese culture.
Edward Burnett Taylor:
• Edward Burnett Taylor was a prominent anthropologist known for his
contributions to the study of culture. He believed that culture is a
complex whole that includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals,
and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of
society. Taylor's work laid the foundation for modern anthropology
and shaped our understanding of culture as a fundamental aspect of
human society.
Karl Marx:

Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and

social scientist known for his theories on capitalism,
socialism, and communism. He believed that culture is
the cultivation, the process of transmitting and acquiring
traditions as a result of which society is perpetuated.
Marx's ideas on culture and society have had a profound
impact on modern sociology and political thought.
Auguste Comte

Auguste Comte was a French philosopher and

sociologist known as the founder of positivism and the
father of sociology. He developed a complex theory of
history and society, which has greatly influenced
modern sociology. Comte emphasized the importance of
empirical observation and scientific methods in the
study of society and proposed a systematic approach to
understanding social phenomena.
Assimilation:

Assimilation is a process through which a person or

group from one culture comes to adopt the practices and
values of another culture while still retaining their own
distinct culture. It involves integrating into a dominant
cultural group and conforming to its norms and
customs, often resulting in a loss or dilution of one's
original cultural identity.
Political System

The political system refers to the system of interactions found

in all independent societies that perform the functions of
integration and adaptation by means of employment or more or
less legitimate physical compulsion. It encompasses the
institutions, structures, processes, and power dynamics that
govern political decision-making and regulate social order
within a society or political entity.
Edward Burnett Taylor

Edward Burnett Taylor was a prominent anthropologist

known for his contributions to the study of culture. He
believed that culture is a complex whole that includes
knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of
society. Taylor's work laid the foundation for modern
anthropology and shaped our understanding of culture
as a fundamental aspect of human society.
What term describes an idea or activity
that might be called culture if it is shared
and accepted or rehearsed by a gathering
of individuals?

Answer: Culture is shared by a group of

people
If all men thought alike, felt alike, and acted alike,
if they had the same standards and same interests,
if they all accepted the same customs and echoed
the same opinions without questioning and
without variation, what could never have
advanced, and culture would have remained
rudimentary?

Answer: Culture is diverse

What gives an arrangement of the
definitions of situations with classes that
every individual has a moderately steady
and unmistakable situation in the social
construction?

Answer: Society is a system of

stratification
What includes values, opinions,
laws, metaphors, and meanings?
Answer: Culture is ideational
What characteristic of culture is
highlighted by the fact that no culture
stays in a perpetual state?

Answer: Culture is dynamic

In what way is society seen as
distinct from the actual element
which we can see and see
through faculties?

Answer: Society is abstract

What often sets out an optimal example
of conduct that is expected to be trailed
by people in order to acquire social
acknowledgment from individuals with a
similar culture?

Answer: Validity
What is gained through heredity,
as there are certain practices that
are obtained?

Answer: Actions
What exists just as a period
arrangement, as it is becoming, not a
being, an interaction and not an
item?

Answer: Society is a process not a

product
What depends on cooperation but
since of interior contrasts, there is
struggle likewise among its
individuals?

Answer: Cooperation and conflict in

society