Finite –State –Markov -Channels

The complex mathematical characterization of flat

fading can be difficult to incorporate into wireless
performance analysis
simpler models that capture the main features of flat
fading channels are needed for these analytical
calculations.
One such model is a finite state Markov channel
(FSMC).
In this model fading is approximated as a discrete-
time Markov process with time discretized to a given
interval T (typically the symbol period)
the set of all possible fading gains is modeled as a set
of finite channel states.
The channel varies over these states at each interval
T according to a set of Markov transition
probabilities.
FSMCs have been used to approximate both
mathematical and experimental fading models,
including satellite channels ,indoor channels ,
Rayleigh fading channels ,Ricean fading
channels ,and Nakagami-m fading channels.
The transition probabilities between regions are

the region boundaries

{Aj}
 Power delay profile

The power delay profile (PDP) gives the

intensity of a signal received through a multipath
channel as a function of time delay.
The time delay is the difference in travel time
between multipath arrivals.
In the graph of the PDP abscissa represents units
of time whereas ordinate is usually in decibels.
It can be measured empirically and can be used to
extract certain channel's parameters such as the
delay spread.
 Power delay profile graph….
-90
RMS Delay Spread () = 46.4 ns

-90
Received Signal Level (dBm)

Mean Excess delay () = 45 ns

-95

Maximum Excess delay < 10 dB = 110 ns

-100
Noise threshold

-105

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Excess Delay (ns)