ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Heat and Mass Transfer

Lecture Five

By: Uga Waktole

 Thermal Radiation:
1. Solid and liquids surfaces at all temperatures emit thermal radiation.
Stefan-Boltzmann Law :
q
Rate of emission per unit area    T 4
 A
• Thermal radiation is emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves.
• Thermal radiation is a continuous spectrum of all wavelengths.
• Thermal radiation does not require a medium for propagation
2. In addition to emitting radiation, the surface of a body has the
capacity for absorbing all or part of the radiation emitted by
surrounding surfaces and falling on it.

Let Tsurr ˂ Ts
I. Solid body emits radiation because it is at Ts.
II. It intercepts and absorbs radiation emitted
by walls of the enclosure.

3. Directional nature of thermal radiation

A surface emits radiation in all directions encompassed by a
hemisphere
4. We shall be concerned only with situations involving radiation
exchange between the surfaces, in which the space between the
surfaces is a vacuum or occupied by a gas which does not participate
in the radiative exchange in any way.
Emission Characteristics of Surfaces
• Black surface:- an ideal surface which absorbs all radiation falling on
it regardless of its wavelength or direction.
• For a given temperature and wavelength a black surface emits the
maximum amount energy.
 Total hemispherical emissive power (e)- Radiant flux emitted from
the surface of a body ( units: W/). Total hemispherical emissive
power of a black surface is denoted by e
b
 Total hemispherical emisssivity (ϵ)
e

eb at the same temperature

0≤ϵ≤1
 Cont…
• Monochromatic hemispherical emissive power ()
Radiant flux emitted per unit length ( units: W/.μm)
de
e  or de  e d
d
• is the quantity which when integrated over all wavelength yield e.

e   e d
0
• Monochromatic hemispherical emissive power of a black surface is
denoted by .
• Monochromatic hemispherical emissivity ()
= at the same temperature and wavelength
• Gray surface: a surface having the same value of at all wavelength.
Laws of Black body Radiation
• Planck’s Law:
= 0.596* W
= 0.014387 m K
λ is the wavelength and
T is the absolute temperature
• For a non-black surface:
=
Comments:
• At a parti. Temp λ goes via
a max. & then asymptotically to zero.
• At parti. λ,
• The max. value of occurs at smaller λ as temp .
• Wien’s Law: the maximum value of occurs at a wavelength given
by: T = 0.00290 mK
• Stefan Boltzmann Law: Emissive power black surface
=
= 2 dλ
=2
= , = 5.670* W/m
Example:
1. Temperature of the sun surface is 5779 k. surface assumed to be
black. Calculate the values of , at λ = and on the sun’s surface. Also
determine at λ = and at the earth surface. Take , mean distance
between sun and earth 1.496* km, radius of the sun is 0.695*km.
 Radiation Incident on Surface
• When radiation falls on a surface, a part is absorbed, and the rest is
reflected.
• If the body is transparent, a part may also be transmitted
• Total hemispherical irradiation (H)- radiant flux incident on the
surface of a body (units: W/)
• Total hemispherical absorptivity (α)- fraction of the total
hemispherical irradiation absorbed at a surface.
• = where, is absorbed flux
• for a black surface = 1
• Monochromatic hemispherical irradiation ()- radiant flux incident
on the surface of a body per unit wavelength (units: w/-μm)
• = integrating over all wavelengths
• H = dλ
 Cont…
• Monochromatic hemispherical absorptivity ()-
• Fraction of the Monochromatic hemispherical irradiation absorbed at
a surface. = , where, is the absorbed flux.
• For a black surface, = 1
• In an analogous manner, the following terms are defined
 Total hemispherical reflectivity (ρ)
 Monochromatic hemispherical reflectivity ()
 Total hemispherical transmissivity (τ)
 Monochromatic hemispherical transmissivity ()
• From definitions
α+τ+ρ=1
=1
• If the body is opaque, τ = = 0. then, α + ρ = 1
=1