BLOOD CIRCULATION

PULMONARY CIRCULATION
• Pulmonary circulation refers to the movement of blood between the heart and the
lungs. It is responsible for oxygenating the blood and removing carbon dioxide.
• Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium of the heart, then flows
into the right ventricle and is pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. In the
lungs, carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is added to the blood. The oxygenated
blood then returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein.
 SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
• Systemic circulation refers to the movement of oxygenated blood from the heart to
the rest of the body, and the return of deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
• After the oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary
vein, it flows into the left ventricle and is pumped out to the body via the aorta. The
blood then flows through the arteries, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells
and organs. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the veins.
 CIRCULATION
Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation

blood is pumped to numerous body areas Blood is pumped to the lungs by

via the aorta. pulmonary arteries in systemic circulation.

occurs in the lungs and heart.
Deoxygenated blood is collected from the
system of veins, and venules, and sent
back to the heart.
It takes place between the heart and the
rest of the body.
The pulmonary veins return oxygenated
blood from the lungs to the heart.
 PORTAL SYSTEM
• A portal system is a specialized part of the circulatory system that involves two
capillary beds connected by a portal vein.
• In the human body, the hepatic portal system carries blood from the digestive organs
to the liver, where it is processed before returning to the heart. This allows the liver
to filter out toxins and other harmful substances from the blood before it reaches the
rest of the body.
 HUMAN BLOOD
• Human blood is a fluid connective tissue that performs many vital functions in the
body.
• It is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma
makes up about 55% of the total volume of blood, while the formed elements (red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) make up the remaining 45%.
 TYPES OF BLOOD
• There are three main types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets.
• Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, are responsible for carrying oxygen
from the lungs to the rest of the body. White blood cells, or leukocytes, help fight
infections and diseases. Platelets, or thrombocytes, are involved in blood clotting to
prevent excessive bleeding.
 NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION OF CELLS
IN NORMAL HUMAN BLOOD

Component Number (per mm3 of Function

blood)
Erythrocytes (RBC%) 5.000.000 Transports Oxygen

Leukocytes (WBC%) 7-8.000 Defense

Thrombocytes (Platelets) 200-400.000 Blood Clotting

White Blood Cell Types Percentage Function
Granular Leukocytes
Neutrophils 60-70 Phagocytosis

Eosinophils 2-4 Clean Allergic Produces

Basophils 0.5-1 Produce Allergic Materials

Agranular Leukocytes
Lymphocytes 20-33 For Immunity

Monocytes 4-7 Macrophages

 BLOOD CLOTTING

• Blood clotting is a natural process that occurs when there is damage to a blood vessel.
Platelets, which are small blood cells, form a plug at the site of the injury to stop bleeding.

• When blood vessel is injured, blood platelets begin to form a barrier known as (platelet
plug) Every mm3 got from 200/400 thousand platelets.

• When platelets makes contact with injured vascular wall they become sticky and enlarged
and release chemicals.

• Some of the chemicals help in blood clotting initiation and others increase the tendency of
the blood platelets to form a plug.
 MECHANISM OF BLOOD
COAGULATION
• The mechanism of blood coagulation involves a complex series of steps that involve
both cellular and biochemical components.
• 1st step: complex substances (prothrombin activator) forms when the vessel is injured.

• 2nd step: prothrombin (plasma protein formed by the liver) activator turns
prothrombin (inactive) to thrombin (active).

• 3rd step: thrombin acts as an enzyme that converts fibrinogen (plasma protein formed
by the liver) to fibrin threads that enmesh (attaches) platelets, blood cells, plasma
together.
• Vitamin K is needed for the formation of prothrombin and clotting factors.
 ABO GROUP SYSTEM (BLOOD
GROUPS)
• The ABO blood system is a classification system used to categorize human blood based
on the presence or absence of certain antigens on the surface of red blood cells. There
are four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O.

• Individuals with type A blood have A antigens on their red blood cells, while those with
type B blood have B antigens. Type AB individuals have both A and B antigens, while
type O individuals have neither. Blood type is important for transfusions, as
incompatible blood types can lead to severe reactions.
‫‪‬دي من عندي انا‬
 RH FACTOR
• In addition to the ABO blood system, there are other surface antigens present on red blood cells
that can affect blood compatibility. One such antigen is the Rh factor, which is either present
(+) or absent (-) on the surface of red blood cells.

• Individuals who are Rh positive can receive blood from either Rh positive or negative donors,
while those who are Rh negative can only receive blood from Rh negative donors. The Rh factor
is particularly important during pregnancy, as Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus
can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn (destruction of child’s RBCS)
• This problem is solved by giving Rh-negative women an Rh-immune globulin injection just
after the birth of an Rh positive child.
 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and organs that play a critical role in immune
function and fluid balance. Lymphatic vessels carry lymph, a clear fluid that contains white
blood cells, throughout the body.

• Lymph nodes, which are small bean-shaped structures located throughout the body, filter
lymph and help to identify and fight infections.

• Lymphocytes are a type of WBCS packed into the spaces of a lymph node which filters and
traps bacteria and infections.