AIRPORTS

LECTURE SERIES 2 – INTERMEDIATE LEVEL

Supplementary Lecture for Architectural Design 8
Prepared by: Ar. Luis Paulo B. Bibat, UAP

This document/presentation is for educational purposes only. It is exclusively for personal and academic use and not intended to be shared or posted
online.
 LECTURE SERIES
This lecture has 4 level series related to airport design and planning

Series 1 – Beginner Level

Series 2 – Intermediate Level
Series 3 – Advanced Level
Series 4 – Expert Level
 SERIES LECTURE
Series 1 lecture covers the following topics:

• Definition of terms
• Parts of an airport
• Identification of Landside & Airside Facilities
• Laws & guidelines pertaining to airport design and planning
• Government bodies and agencies that regulate airport planning & operations
• CAAP Airport classification
• Building code classification
 SERIES LECTURE
Series 2 lecture covers the following topics:

• Definition of terms
• Airport planning design considerations & constraints
• Airport planning concept (Landside & Airside)
• Aircraft types & classification
• Parts of an airport runway
• Runway planning & design considerations
• Aerodrome reference code
 SERIES LECTURE
Series 3 lecture covers the following topics:

• Definition of terms
• Site selection study
• Airport facility requirements
• Parameters & criteria
• Air traffic demand analysis and forecast
• Airport development master plan
• Airport passenger terminal building space planning
 SERIES LECTURE
Series 4 lecture covers the following topics:
• Definition of terms
• Airside facilities planning
• Landside facilities planning
• Airport utilities
• Air Navigation technical terms
• Aerodrome reference code
• Runway strip & obstacle limitation surfaces
• ICAO Doc 9157/AN901: Aerodrome
Design Manual
• ICAO Airport Planning Manual (Doc
9184)
• ICAO Airport Services Manual (Doc
9137)
• Other laws & guidelines pertaining to
airport planning & design
ABOUT THE LECTURER
 ABOUT THE LECTURER
Ar. Luis Paulo B. Bibat, UAP Architecture Licensure Examination
Registered & Licensed Architect June 2022
PRC Reg No. 53853 Board Passer

BS ARCHITECTURE M.C. Dacanay Architectural Design

Technological Institute of the Philippines – Quezon City 2019-2023
2013-2019 Senior Architect

Redevelopment of Laoag International Airport

Arkisign Studio
2019
2023 – present
Thesis
Project Architect
DEFINITION OF TERMS
AIRPORT PLANNING DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS & CONSTRAINTS
REFERENCES:
ICAO DOC 9184 – AIRPORT PLANNING MANUAL PART 1 – 3
TIME SAVER STANDARDS FOR BUILDING TYPES
 PLANNING PHILOSOPHY
• The most efficient plan for the airport as a whole is that which provides the required
capacity for aircraft, passenger, cargo and vehicle movements, with maximum passenger,
operator and staff convenience and at lowest capital and operating costs.

• Flexibility and expansibility should be considered in conjunction and are fundamental to all
aspects of planning. Particular features of some sites may make it necessary to decide that
expansibility is not possible that the plan should process, this is a matter for local
judgement relative to local conditions. However, it is never necessary to abandon the
requirement for flexibility.

• Most airports can be planned with inherent flexibility, even though expansibility may not be
possible.
 PLANNING PHILOSOPHY
• Planning of airports is complicated by the diversity of facilities and services which are
necessary for the movement of aircraft, passengers and cargo and the ground
vehicles associated with them, and the necessity to integrate their planning. These
facilities include;

• Runways & taxiways

• Aircraft aprons
• Passenger terminal building
• Administration & security
• Amenities
• Maintenance & utilities
• Roads and vehicular parking
 PLANNING PHILOSOPHY
• The operation of an airport essentially integrates the functions of many of these
facilities and thus they should not be planned as separate units.
• Airport planning is the evolution of a compromise between the conflicting
features of the best plan for each of the individual facilities. The essential
degree of precision and balance in the overall plan varies with the scale of
activity which the airport is intended to support.
• As the rate of aircraft, vehicle and passenger movements increases, it becomes
more necessary for the airport plans to be the optimum compromise so that the
planning of all the individual facilities contributes and combines into the most
efficient plan and provides the greatest degree of flexibility and expansibility for
future development.
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Aeronautical Considerations
• Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS)
• Flight Operations
• Weather Conditions
• Socio-Economic Considerations
• Aircraft noise impact
• Impact on local population/displacement
• Security
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Environmental Considerations
• Geological/Geohazard
• Geotechnical
• Hydrology
• Pollution
• Land Use
• Zoning
• Master Planning/Expansion
• Land use & acquisition
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Economics
• Financial Viability
• Economic Viability
• Expenses/Capital
• Construction costs
AIRPORT PLANNING CONCEPTS
AIRPORT TERMINAL CONFIGURATION
AIRCRAFT PARKING CONFIGURATION
 SIMPLE/LINEAR CONFIGURATION
• A simple terminal will normally
consist of a single level structure
with two or four gates where access
to aircraft is afforded by a walk
across the aircraft parking apron.
• The layout of the simple terminal
should take into account the
possibility of pier or linear extensions
for terminal expansion.
 SIMPLE/LINEAR CONFIGURATION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Short walking distances • Duplication of terminal
• Simple orientation & construction facilities/amenities
• Adequate curb length • Longer walking distances for
passengers
• Less flexibility in terminal and apron
for future changes
SIMPLE/LINEAR CONFIGURATION EXAMPLES
ILOILO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ZARAGOZA AIPORT – SPAIN
 PIER/FINGER CONFIGURATION
• Has an interface with aircraft along piers
extending from the main terminal area.
• Aircrafts are usually arranged around
the axis of the pier in a parallel or
perpendicular parked relationship.
• Each pier has a row of aircraft gate
positions on both sides, with the
passenger right-of-way or concourse
running along the axis of piers which
serves as the circulation space for
enplaning and deplaning passengers.
 PIER/FINGER CONFIGURATION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Economical to build/construct • Curbside congestion
• Efficient use of land • Longer walking distances for
passengers
• Limited expansion capability
• Reduced aircraft circulation &
maneuverability
PIER/FINGER CONFIGURATION EXAMPLES
NAIA TERMINAL 2 NASHVILLE INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT– USA
 SATELLITE CONFIGURATION

• The satellite concept consists of a

building, surrounded by aircraft which
is separated from the terminal and is
usually reached by means of a
surface, underground, or above-grade
connector.
• The aircraft normally parked in radial
or parallel positions around the
satellite which can have common or
separate departure lounges.
 SATELLITE CONFIGURATION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Additional satellites can be designed • High maintenance & operating costs
to accommodate future aircraft • Limited expansion capability at main
design developments terminal
• Curbside congestion
SATELLITE CONFIGURATION EXAMPLES
NAIA TERMINAL 1 TOCUMEN INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT– PANAMA
 TRANSPORTER CONFIGURATION
• Aircraft and servicing functions in the
transporter concept are remotely located
from the terminal.
• The connection to the terminal is provided
by vehicular transport for enplaning and
deplaning passengers.
• The characteristics of the transporter
concept include flexibility in providing
additional aircraft parking positions to
accommodate increases in schedules for
aircraft size, maneuvering in and out of a
parking position under its own power.
 TRANSPORTER CONFIGURATION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Easy compatibility of terminal/apron • High maintenance & operating costs
geometry for future development. • High instances of delays
• Ease of aircraft maneuverability • Increased vehicular movements on
• Ease of expansion capability for airside with aircraft
aircraft stands
TRANSPORTER CONFIGURATION EXAMPLES
WASHINGTON DULLES INCHEON INTERNATIONAL
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT – USA AIRPORT – SOUTH KOREA
AIRCRAFT PARKING CONFIGURATION
 NOSE-IN PARKING POSITION
• Nose-in parking affords relatively
easy and simple maneuvering for
aircraft taxiing into gate position.
• Push-out operations cause little
disruption of apron activities in
neighboring gate positions. However,
towing tractors and skilled operators
are required.
 TAXI-IN/PUSH-OUT PARKING POSITION
• The most common procedure is the
taxi-in, push-out method, but aircraft
can also be towed in and out in other
combinations.
• Use of tractors allows a much closer
spacing of aircraft stands, reducing
both the apron and terminal space
required to accommodate a high
volume of terminal aircraft parking.
 NOSE-OUT PARKING POSITION
• The procedure whereby an aircraft
enters and leaves the aircraft stand
under its own power, that is without
recourse to a tractor for any part of
the maneuver.
• These methods are common at
airports with a relatively small
volume of traffic.
PARALLEL PARKING POSITION
PASSENGER LOADING CONFIGURATION
 PASSENGER LOADING CONFIGURATION
• The passenger loading method to be
used must be taken into account when
planning the apron layout. Some
methods can be used with only one or
two of the basic parking layouts.
• Direct upper level loading is made
possible by the development of the
loading bridge, permitting the
passenger to board the aircraft from
the upper level of the terminal building.
 STATIONARY LOADING BRIDGE
• A short loading bridge which extends
from a projection in the building. The
aircraft parks nose-in alongside the
projection and stops with the aircraft
front door opposite the bridge.
• The bridge extends a very short
distance to the aircraft, allowing very
little variation between the height of
the aircraft main deck and the
terminal floor.
STATIONARY LOADING BRIDGE
 APRON DRIVE LOADING BRIDGE
• A bridge which has one end of a
telescopic gangway hinged to the
terminal building and the other end
supported by a steerable, powered dual-
wheel.
• The bridge pivots towards the aircraft
and lengthens until it reaches the aircraft
door.
• The end mating with the aircraft can be
raised or lowered significantly, permitting
aircraft of varying deck heights to be
served from the loading bridge.
APRON DRIVE LOADING BRIDGE
 MOVEABLE STEPS
• Moveable steps are pushed or
driven to the aircraft and set at door
level.
• Passengers walk in the open on the
apron or are driven by the bus
between the terminal and the aircraft
and use the steps to board the
aircraft.
 PASSENGER TRANSPORTERS
• Passengers board a bus or specially
designed passenger transporter at
the terminal building and are driven
to a remote aircraft stand.
• Passengers then may use steps to
board the aircraft or board the
aircraft from the same level as the
aircraft floor. (i.e. by the elevation if
the vehicle)
AIRCRAFT TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION
 AIRCRAFT TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION
• The size and maneuverability of the mix of aircraft expected to be use a give
apron must be known before a detailed apron design can be undertaken.
• All other areas needed for clearances, taxiing, servicing, etc., must be
determined with regard to this basic aircraft “footprint”.
• The number and size of aircraft stand positions needed for any type of apron
can be determined from forecasts of aircraft movements at a given
aerodrome.
 AIRCRAFT TYPES
• Fixed wing aircraft
• Capable of flight using wings that
generate lift caused by the aircraft’s
forward airspeed and the shape of the
wings.
• Rotary wing aircraft
• An aircraft with rotary wings or rotor
blades, which generate lift by rotating
around a vertical mast.
• Airships
• A type of aerostat that can navigate thru
the air under its own power.
 AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATION
Narrow-Body Aircraft
• An airliner arranged along a single
aisle, permitting abreast seating in a
cabin less than 4 meters in width.

Examples
• Airbus A320-200, A321
• Boeing 727, 737
• ATR 72-600
 AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATION
Wide-Body Aircraft
• An airliner with a fuselage wide
enough to accommodate two
passenger aisles with seven or more
seats abreast.

Examples
• Airbus A330, A380, A350
• Boeing 747, 767, 777
• Antonov An-225
 AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURERS
• Aerospatial (ATR) • Lockheed Corp. U.S.A
• Airbus Industries • McDonnell Douglas Corp. (DC
• Antonov planes)
• Boeing • Tupolev, C.I.S
• Bombardier Inc.
• Cessna Aircraft Co.
• Fokker B.V., Nederland
• Ilyushin, C.I.S
 AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURERS
ATR 72-600 Airbus A320
 AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURERS
Antonov 255 Boeing 737
 AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURERS
Bombardier Q400 Cessna Aircraft
AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURERS
Fokker 50 Ilyushin IL-86
 AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURERS
Lockheed Martin C-130 McDonnell Douglas DC-10 (defunct)
AIRCRAFT TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION
AIRCRAFT TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION
PARTS OF AN AIRPORT RUNWAY
ICAO DOC 9157 AERODROME DESIGN MANUAL PART 1 - RUNWAYS
AERODROME REFERENCE CODE
 RUNWAY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• SITE/LOCATION
• WEATHER
• TOPOGRAPHY
• TYPE & AMOUNT OF AIR TRAFFIC TO BE SERVED
• ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS (e.g. NOISE IMPACT)
• TYPE OF OPERATION
• WIND
• VISIBILITY CONDITIONS
• LENGTH/SIZE
• AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
• FUTURE DEVELOPMENT FOR ADDITIONAL RUNWAY EXPANSION
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
RUNWAY - A defined rectangular area TAXIWAY - a path for aircraft at an
on a land aerodrome prepared for the airport connecting runways with
landing and take-off of aircraft. aprons, hangars, terminals and other
facilities.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
RAPID TAXIWAY – A taxiway connected to a runway at an acute angle and designed to allow
landing aircraft to turn off at higher speeds than are achieved on other exit taxiways thereby
minimizing runway occupancy times.
RUNWAY STRIP - A defined area including the runway and stopway, if provided, intended:
• to reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a runway; and
• to protect aircraft flying over it during take-off or landing operations.
SHOULDER - An area adjacent to the edge of a pavement so prepared as to provide a transition
between the pavement and the adjacent surface.
MANEUVERING AREA – That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing
of aircraft, excluding aprons.
TURNPAD – a defined area on a land aerodrome adjacent to a runway for the purpose of
completing a 180-degree turn on a runway.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
BLASTPAD - A surface adjacent to the ends of a runway provided to reduce the
erosive effect of jet blast and propeller wash.
THRESHOLD – The beginning of that portion of the runway usable for landing.
DISPLACED THRESHOLD - Most often, the offset threshold is in place to give
arriving aircraft clearance over an obstruction, while still allowing departing
aircraft the maximum amount of runway available.
A displaced threshold may also be introduced as a noise mitigation measure for
the communities overflown on approach, or if a beginning section of the runway
is no longer able to sustain the continuous impact from landing aircraft. Aircraft
are expected to land beyond the displaced threshold.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA – (RESA) An area symmetrical about the extended
runway centre line and adjacent to the end of the strip primarily intended to reduce
the risk of damage to an aeroplane undershooting or overrunning the runway.
STOPWAY – An area beyond the takeoff runway, centered on the. extended runway
centerline, and designated by the airport owner for use in decelerating an
airplane. during an aborted takeoff. It must be at least as wide as the runway and
able to support an airplane.
CLEARWAY – a clearly defined area connected to and extending beyond the
runway end available for completion of the takeoff operation of turbine-powered
airplanes. A clearway increases the allowable airplane operating takeoff weight
without increasing runway length.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
RUNWAY STRIP/SHOULDERS RUNWAY TURNPAD
 RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
SINGLE RUNWAYS - These runways
consist of one long runway and are
used for both takeoffs and landings.
Single runways can handle up to 100
inbound and outbound flights/hour and
are often used in small regional
airports.
 RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
INTERSECTING/CROSSED
RUNWAYS - This runway
configuration consists of two or more
runways that cross paths. They are
used in areas with strong winds and
limited expansion space. The goal is
to always be able to operate one of
the runways independent from the
wind’s direction.
 RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
PARALLEL RUNWAYS - In this
configuration, more than one runway
is present and the runways are
situated at the same angle.
 RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
OPEN-V RUNWAYS - This runway
configuration consists of two runways
that do not intersect (V-shape).
Depending on wind conditions, only
one runway may be operable at a
time.
 AERODROME REFERENCE CODE
The intent of the reference code is to provide a simple method for interrelating the
numerous specifications concerning the characteristics of aerodromes so as to provide a
series of aerodrome facilities that are suitable for the aeroplanes that are intended to
operate at the aerodrome. The code is composed of two elements which are related to the
aeroplane performance characteristics and dimensions. Element 1 is a number based on
the aeroplane reference field length and element 2 is a letter based on the aeroplane wing
span and outer main gear wheel span.

An aerodrome reference code — code number and letter — which is selected for
aerodrome planning purposes shall be determined in accordance with the characteristics of
the aeroplane for which an aerodrome facility is intended. Further, the aerodrome reference
code numbers and letters shall have the meanings assigned to them.
AERODROME REFERENCE CODE
RUNWAY WIDTH
RUNWAY WIDTH FOR AERODROME 4C
RUNWAY WIDTH FOR AERODROME 4C
 RUNWAY PAVEMENT SURFACE TYPES

REFERENCE: ICAO DOC 9157 PART 3 – PAVEMENTS

END OF LECTURE SERIES 2
This document/presentation is for educational purposes only. It is exclusively for personal and
academic use and not intended to be shared or posted online.