c

We need something to defend us !!!!

LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
THE NEED FOR A DEFENSE SYSTEM
aids the immune system

• filters out organisms that cause disease,

produces certain white blood cells and
generates antibodies

fluid balance

• drains excess fluids and protein so that tissues

do not swell up
Immune Response

• It is the collective and coordinated

process performed by immune
system upon the introduction of a
foreign substance.
 INNATE ADAPTIVE
IMMUNE IMMUNE
SYSTEM SYSTEM
1. What are the different cell, proteins or
enzymes that work in the given line of
defense?
2. How do they work to defend the body
from antigens or foreign substances that may
harm it?
3. How do these structures of the immune
system contribute to the maintenance of
homeostasis?
INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

Lysozyme
• An enzyme that helps break down bacterial cell walls
and found saliva, tears, and nasal secretions
Mucus
• It is secreted and acts as a protective barrier that
blocks the bacteria from sticking to the inner
epithelial cells.
 SECRETIONS AT EPITHELIAL SURFACES
SITE SOURCES SECRETIONS
Eyes Lacrimal glands (tears) Lysozyme, IgA, IgG
Ears Sebaceous glands Waxy secretions
(cerumen)
Mouth Salivary glands Digestive enzymes,
lysozymes, IgA, IgG,
lactoferin
Skin Sweat glands (sweat) Lysozyme, high NaCl,
Sebaceous glands short-chain fatty acid
(sebum)
Stomach Gastric juices Digestive enzymes
(pepsin, renin),
hydrochloric acid
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
Lymph Nodes
• These are tiny bean structures that store cells used in immune
response.
Lymph
• A milky body fluid that contains lymphocytes.

Lymphocytes
• These are white blood cells that fight off infections and is
found in the lymph nodes.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
MACROPHAGES

These are large irregular shaped WBCs that patrol and

ingest microorganisms through phagocytosis.

NEUTROPHILS
These are the most abundant circulating WBCs that release a
disinfecting chemical that kills not only the bacteria but also the
neighboring neutrophils.

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

These are cells that do not attack the microbes directly.

DENDRITIC CELLS

These are phagocytes that process and alert the adaptive

immune system when an antigen is present.

EOSINOPHILS

These are granular WBCs with enzymes that target

parasitic worms.

BASOPHILS
These are granular WBCs that contain histamines that
cause inflammation during immune responses and allergic
reactions.
MAST CELLS
These are granular WBCs that also contain histamines and other
substances that anchor themselves in response to injury or allergic
reaction, together with basophils.

LYMPHOCYTES

These are responsible for specific immunities.

ANTIMICROBIAL
PROTEINS
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
ANTIGEN

• It is an immune response against any foreign body, such as toxins

or the body part of a pathogen.

CYTOKINES

• A signalling protein which can attract more macrophages, neutrophils,

and dendritic cells on the infection site.

INTERFERON

• A cellular defense that binds to non-infected neighboring cells to

produce antiviral proteins which can interfere with viral
replication.
INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
HISTAMINES AND
PROSTAGLANDINS
• These are chemical alarm signals which will raise
the temperature of the tissue and increase the blood
flow to the area.

INTERLEUKIN-1

• A regulatory protein that can cause neurons in the

hypothalamus to raise the overall body’s normal
temperature above 37 ̊C in the form of fever.
SPECIFIC IMMUNE SYSTEM
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

Macrophages
T- and B-cells
(Lymphocytes)
ANTIBODIES
• These are highly potent proteins specific to neutralize the antigens by making them more susceptible to
phagocytosis.
• It circulate in the blood plasma and lymph.

• Antibodies prevent a virus or toxic protein from

Neutralization binding their target.

• A pathogen tagged by antibodies is consumed

Opsonization by a macrophage or neutrophil.

Complement • Antibodies attached to the surface of a

pathogen cell activate the complement system.
Activation
FIVE GENERAL TYPES OF
ANTIBODIES IN HUMANS
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
 IgA • It is found in mucosal areas, such as the gut,
respiratory tract, and urogenital tract, and prevents
(Immunoglobulin colonization by pathogens.
• Also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk.
alpha)

IgD
• It functions mainly as an antigen receptor on
(Immunoglobulin B cells that have not been exposed to antigens.
delta)

IgE • It binds to allergens and triggers histamine

release from mast cells and basophils, and is
(Immunoglobulin involved in allergy.
• Also protects against parasitic worms.
epsilon)
 • It provides majority of antibody-
IgG based immunity against invading
pathogens.
(Immunoglobulin • The only antibody capable of crossing
gamma) the placenta to give passive immunity
to fetus.

• It is expressed on surface of B cells

IgM (monomer) and in a secreted form
(pentamer).
(Immunoglobulin • Eliminates pathogens in the early stages
of B cell humoral immunity before the
mu) secretion of sufficient Ig.
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE
RESPONSE
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
IMMUNITY
• A regulatory protein that can cause neurons in
the hypothalamus to raise the overall body’s
normal temperature above 37 ̊C in the form of
fever.
 DO YOU HAVE
ANY QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS! ☺
PERFORMANCE TASK
3rd Quarter
■ POP – UP PRESENTATION
 WHAT IS THE MOST
IMPORTANT LEARNING YOU
HAVE ENCOUNTERED TODAY?
-EXIT SLIP-

-END OF SLIDE-