THE UNIVERSITY OF

DODOMA

• SCHOOL OF NURSING AND PUBLIC HEALTH

•
• COURSE NAME: ADV.HUMAN NUTRITION & METABOLISM
• COURSE CODE: CND213
• COURSE INSTRUCTOR: DR. MARIAM
• NATURE OF ASSIGNMENT: GROUP ASSIGNMENT
• GROUP NUMBER: GROUP 11
• SUBMISSION DATE: 28/02/2024
QUESTION 6:

• Briefly discuss the following osteoporosis,

osteomalacia, osteopenia.
1.osteoporosis
• Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a
decrease in bone density and quality, leading to
weakened and fragile bones. This bone disease
makes bones more susceptible to fractures and
breaks, even with minor stress or trauma.
Osteoporosis typically occurs when the body loses
too much bone mass or makes too little new bone,
resulting in an imbalance in the bone remodeling
Cont....
• Risk factors
• Age: The risk of osteoporosis increases with age,
particularly after menopause in women and around
age 70 in men, due to hormonal changes and
decreased bone density.
• Gender: Women are at a higher risk of osteoporosis
than men, primarily due to lower peak bone mass
and hormonal changes during menopause.
• Hormonal changes: Reduced estrogen levels in
women during menopause and low testosterone
levels in men can accelerate bone loss.
• Cont....
• Family history: Having a family history of
osteoporosis or fractures increases the risk,
suggesting a genetic predisposition.
• Low body weight and small frame: Individuals with
low body weight or a small body frame have less
bone mass to lose and are therefore at a higher risk.
• Dietary factors: Inadequate intake of calcium and
vitamin D, as well as excessive intake of caffeine,
alcohol, and sodium, can weaken bones and increase
the risk of osteoporosis.
Cont....
• Physical inactivity: Lack of weight-bearing exercise and
sedentary lifestyle contribute to bone loss and
weakening of bones.
• Smoking: Tobacco use has been linked to decreased
bone density and increased risk of fractures.
• Excessive alcohol consumption: Chronic heavy alcohol
consumption can interfere with calcium absorption and
disrupt hormonal balance, leading to bone loss.
• Certain medications: Long-term use of glucocorticoids,
anticonvulsants, and certain cancer treatments can
weaken bones and increase the risk of osteoporosis.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF OSTEOPOROSIS
• i.Prevention and management strategies for
osteoporosis include
• ii.consuming a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D.
• iii.engaging in weight-bearing exercises.
• iv.avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol
consumption.
• v.getting regular bone density screenings.
• vi.Depending on the severity of the condition,
treatments may involve medications to slow bone
loss, improve bone strength, and reduce fracture
risk.
OSTEOMALACIA
• Osteomalacia is a condition characterized by
softening of the bones due to inadequate
mineralization, particularly of calcium and
phosphate. It often results from vitamin D
deficiency, which impairs the absorption of these
minerals from the diet. Symptoms may include
bone pain, muscle weakness, and fractures.
Cont....
• Risk factors
• Vitamin D deficiency Inadequate intake of vitamin D
through diet or limited exposure to sunlight, which is
necessary for the body to produce vitamin D.
• Malabsorption disorders: Conditions such as celiac
disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gastric
bypass surgery can impair the absorption of vitamin D
and other nutrients essential for bone health.
• Renal disorders: Kidney diseases can lead to impaired
activation of vitamin D, reducing its effectiveness in
promoting calcium absorption and bone mineralization.
Cont....
• Certain medications: Long-term use of certain medications,
such as anticonvulsants, glucocorticoids, and some
antiretroviral drugs, can interfere with vitamin D metabolism
and calcium absorption.
• Old age: Older adults may be at higher risk due to decreased
skin synthesis of vitamin D, reduced dietary intake, and
impaired renal function.
• Limited sunlight exposure: Individuals who spend little time
outdoors or live in regions with limited sunlight may have
lower vitamin D levels, increasing their risk of osteomalacia.
• Malnutrition: Inadequate intake of calcium, phosphate, and
vitamin D-rich foods can contribute to osteomalacia.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF OSTEOMALACIA
• Adequate vitamin D supplementation.
• Encouraging moderate sunlight exposure.
• Consuming a balanced diet rich in calcium,
phosphorus, and vitamin D.
• Treating underlying conditions that contribute to
malabsorption or impaired vitamin D metabolism.
• Reviewing and adjusting medications that may
interfere with vitamin D metabolism or calcium
absorption.
Cont...
• Regular medical check-ups to monitor risk factors.
• Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including regular
physical activity, maintaining a healthy body weight,
and avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and
smoking.
• Supervised therapy when necessary, especially in
severe cases or when underlying conditions are
present.
OSTEOPENIA
• Osteopenia is a condition characterized by lower
than normal bone density but not to the extent
seen in osteoporosis. It is often considered a
precursor to osteoporosis. Bone density is a
measure of the amount of mineral content in bone
tissue, and reduced bone density in osteopenia can
increase the risk of fractures.
• While osteopenia may not always cause symptoms,
it indicates that bones are weaker than normal and
may be more prone to fracture, especially with
trauma or as one ages. Osteopenia is typically
diagnosed through a bone density scan, such as a
Cont...
• Several factors contribute to the development of
osteopenia, including:
• Age: Bone density naturally decreases with age, so older
individuals are more likely to have osteopenia.
• Gender: Women, especially after menopause, are at higher
risk due to hormonal changes that affect bone density.
• Genetics: Family history plays a role, as genetics influence
peak bone mass and bone density.
• Dietary factors Inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D,
essential for bone health, can contribute to osteopenia.
Cont...
• Physical inactivity: Lack of weight-bearing exercise
can lead to reduced bone density.
• Smoking: Tobacco use can negatively impact bone
density.
• Alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol
consumption can interfere with bone formation
and lead to lower bone density.
• Certain medical conditions: Conditions such as
hyperthyroidism, gastrointestinal disorders, and
hormonal imbalances can affect bone density.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF OSTEOPENIA
• Prevention and management strategies for
osteopenia often involve lifestyle modifications
such as regular weight-bearing exercise, a balanced
diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, avoiding smoking
and excessive alcohol consumption, and discussing
with a healthcare provider about potential
medication options if necessary. Early detection
and intervention can help prevent the progression
to osteoporosis and reduce the risk of fractures.
Question 11.Clearly explain how to minimize
sodium in diet

• Read food labels: Pay attention to the sodium

content listed on food labels when grocery
shopping. Choose products labeled as "low sodium"
or "no added salt."
• Cook from scratch: Prepare meals at home using
fresh ingredients whenever possible. This allows
you to control the amount of salt added during
cooking.
• Limit processed foods: Processed and packaged
foods often contain high levels of sodium for flavor
and preservation. Limit the consumption of items
such as canned soups, frozen meals, deli meats,
Cont...
• Use herbs and spices: Enhance the flavor of dishes with herbs,
spices, citrus juices, and vinegar instead of salt. Experiment with
different seasoning blends to add variety to your meals.
• Rinse canned foods: If using canned beans, vegetables, or other
canned foods, rinse them under running water to remove excess
salt before consuming.
• Choose low-sodium alternatives: Opt for low-sodium or sodium-
free versions of condiments, sauces, and seasonings. Look for
reduced-sodium soy sauce, broth, and canned goods when
available.
• Be mindful of restaurant meals: When dining out, request that
dishes be prepared without added salt, and ask for sauces and
dressings on the side so you can control the amount added.
Cont...
• Limit salty snacks: Snack on fresh fruits, vegetables,
nuts, and seeds instead of salty snacks like chips
and pretzels.
• Stay hydrated: Drinking plenty of water can help
flush out excess sodium from the body and
maintain a healthy balance.
• Gradually reduce salt: Gradually reduce the amount
of salt used in cooking and at the table to allow
your taste buds to adjust to lower sodium levels
over time.
• THANK YOU