Bottomhole

Pressure and
Temperature
Survey
Agenda

• Introduction.
• Objectives and Uses of BHPT Survey.
• Common Types of BHPT Survey and Test Ideal
Conditions.
• Pressure Profiles (FG/BU/SG).
• Field Practices.
• Maximum Efficiency Rates tests.
Introduction to
BHP&T Survey

This involves the measurement of bottom-hole pressure and

temperature at the sand-face under specified rate conditions.
It is one of the most economical method of obtaining useful
reservoir information such as:
 FBHP
 SBHP
 PTA (determination of S, Kh, radius of investigation etc)
 Well Modelling (Nodal Analysis)
About Well tests….

• There are variants of well tests and the type of well tests carried out
depends on the objective of the test.

• Common well tests include potential tests, Gas-oil tests, productivity

tests, Bottom-hole pressure tests.

• Temperature is assumed to be constant during these tests. Its been

observed during previous tests, that the changes in temperature with
depth is negligible.
 Reservoir
S/N Well parameters Reservoir parameters
Bottomhole pressure tests Assessment
are conducted to obtain Reservoir Average Changes in datum
the following information. 1 Skin and productivity Index
Pressure pressure

They are often used to Wellbore storage Changes in damage

2 Effective permeability
determine the influence of coefficient skin
other Wells or Aquifer Fluid Distribution In the Changes in
3 Distance to boundaries
Wellbore drawdown area
Flowing pressure in the Vertical/Horizontal Changes in
4
wellbore Permeability boundaries

Static and Flowing

5 Gas/oil Contacts
Gradients

Objectives of Well tests

Ideal Conditions For BHP tests
• It is been observed that some of the causes of errors in BHP test results
originate from conditions at which the test was done
• This ideal conditions make it easy for the reservoir engineers to analyze
and interpret the data
• These ideal conditions include:
• Constant rate production
• Long shut-in times.
Flowrate Variation

Rate variations are usually modelled using

the principle of superposition in time.
In Layman terms, this principle states that
wells do not forget changes that occur in
them unless the well is shut in for the to
equalize the average pressure
Common Causes of Rate Variation
1 2 3
• Partly closing • Slow Shutting- • Not allowing
wing valve to in of well the well to
lower tools. during the end stabilize at the
of well-test. surface and
bottomhole

“Some tests such as MER such that the rates in the wells are varied and measured
create no problems during analysis since they can be referenced”
On the other hand, tests such as drawdown, where the pressure changes
constantly with time, accounting for the flowrate with each time changes would
make the analysis complex
Effect Of Shut-in Times

Short Shut in period Long Shut-in period

Bottom-Hole Pressure Test Profiles

These are profiles that show the changes in Key

pressure from the start to the end of test.
Common profiles include FG - Flowing gradient

• FG/BU/SG BU – Build Up

• SG/DD/FG SG – Static Gradient

• FG/DD/BU/SG DD – Drawdown
Flowing Gradient

• This part of the plot represents the measurement of flowing

pressures at different depths while the well is flowing.
• The results from this section are useful in gaslifting
optimization
• They also aid in determining the proper wellbore flowing
correlations to model wellbore flow.
• Such correlations include
Static Gradient
• This part of the plot represents the measurement of static or
stabilized pressures at different depths while the well is shut-
in.
• The results from this section are useful in determining
wellbore fluid distribution.
• They also aid in determining the datums and contacts useful
in calculations and analysis
• Such correlations include
Build Up

• This part of the plot represents the measurement of

the increase in pressures with time during well shut-
in.
• The results from this section are useful in
determining skin, permeability and drainage
boundaries.
Also used in computing flow efficiency of the well
FG/BU/SG Profile
FG/DD/BU/SG
SG/DD/FG Profile
 Click icon to add picture

Drawdown tests

It is simply the measurement of sandface

pressure variations with time,t, while the well is
flowing.
An ideal condition for this test is that the well
needs to be shut for the well to stabilize.
Injectivity tests

This are tests used to measure the variation of

pressure with time as fluid is been injected into
the reservoir.
It is quite similar to the drawdown except that
fluid enters the reservoir during this tests, unlike
the drawdown where fluid leaves the reservoir.
Buildup tests

Involves the measurement of sand-face pressure

with time, t, while the well is shut-in. This test is
usually done after a drawdown test has been
done ie the well flowed for time, delta t, and has
been shut-in.
Falloff Tests

Just as the injectivity test is counterpart to the

drawdown test, the falloff tests are counterpart to
the buildup tests.
It involves measuring the variation or changes in
pressure with time, t, while the well is shut-in. In
this case the well must have been injected before
shutting.
Interference tests

Unlike other test which involve measurement in

one well, the interference tests can be done using
multiple well.
During this test, pressure changes in an active
well(s) are measured from an observation well.
It is used to establish sandface continuity and
anisotropy of permeability.
Field Practices
Well Test Equipment

The main equipment used for bottom-hole pressure

surveys are;
• Electronic Memory Gauge (P & T measurement)
• Lubricator and Wireline BOP
• Wireline Unit
• Christmas tree with hydraulically operated valve.
Steps in Survey Runs
Check hole Build Up Static Survey
Zero Point Run gauges
Assembling condition
Join and fit the Drift run to Record zero Lower gauges Close well and Pull Guage to
gauges to the check hole point on top of in tandem to leave gauge at surface in steps
wireline and condition to flange of the survey depth specified depth while holding
lubricators ensure Xmas tree and leave for for Build Up for 15 mins for
instrument can 10 – 15 mins measurement. pressure
enter tubing for pressure to stabilization for
stabilize at static gradient
each step and measurement.
record flowing
gradient.
Maximum
Efficiency Rates
Tests
MER tests….
MER Tests

MER test is carried out to

determine the maximum rate at
which HC can be produced from a
well without negatively affecting
the drive mechanism of the
reservoir.
About the MER Tests

• This maximum rate is sometimes referred to as the critical production rate.

• Wells that produce above MER are prone to coning which might lead to early
water or unwanted water breakthrough
• MER Tests are regulatory or mandatory practices monitored by the NUPRC.
• The test is carried bi-annually (H1 & H2).
• It involves allowing the well to flow at various bean sizes or CHP.
• For new strings or wells, MER tests are done using 5 different choke sizes,
while 3 variants are used for active producers.
NUPRC
Involvement

O&G upstream companies submit the reports from

the MER Tests to the NUPRC.
NUPRC validates and advises the companies to
adopt rates called Technical Allowable Rates
(TAR) for their wells to improve the well’s life
span AND sustain production”
Failure to comply with issued TAR for a
particular MER cycle could attract regulatory
sanctions.
Sample MER plots
SAMPLE MER RESULTS
RESERVOIR WELL NAME CHOKE SIZE (/64) LIQUID FLOWRATE (BBL/DAY)
16” 200
24" 556
1L 32" 334
48" 112
52" 556
XXXX
16" 123
24" 789
1S 32" 356
48" 199
52" 277
Thank you