THERMOCHEMISTRY

E N T H A L P Y, T H E R M O C H E M I C A L E Q U AT I O N S , A N D
H E S S ’ S L AW
ENTHALPY
 ENTHALPY
• Came from the Greek word, enthalpein, “to warm”
• Refers to the energy transferred under constant
pressure
• Represented by the symbol, H (or ΔH)
 ENTHALPY CHANGES
ΔH = Hproducts – Hreactants
or
ΔH = Hfinal – Hinitial
ENDOTHERMIC

Energy is
ABSORBED

PEreact<PEprod
EXOTHERMIC

Energy is
RELEASED

PEreact>PEprod
THERMOCHEMICAL
REACTIONS
 THERMOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
• Can show the relation (in terms of enthalpy) between
the reactants and products
• The stoichiometric coefficients always refer to the
number of moles of a substance
H2O (s) H2O (l) DH = 6.01 kJ
 THERMOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
• If you reverse a reaction, the sign of DH changes
H2O (l) H2O (s) DH = -6.01 kJ
• If you multiply both sides of the equation by a
factor n, then DH must change by the same
factor n.

2H2O (s) 2H2O (l) DH = 2 x 6.01 = 12.0 kJ

 THERMOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
EXAMPLE:

How much heat is evolved when 266 g of white

phosphorus (P4) burn in air?
P4 (s) + 5O2 (g) P4O10 (s) DH = -3013 kJ

1 mol P4 3013 kJ = -6470 kJ

266 g P4 x x
123.9 g P4 1 mol P4
CALORIMETER
 CALORIMETRY
• Concerned with the measurement of heat changes or
heat flow in a chemical reaction
• Experimentally, the temperature
change observed serves as a
basis of determining the amount
of heat transferred to/from the
system.
The specific heat (s) of a substance is the amount of heat (q)
required to raise the temperature of one gram of the
substance by one degree Celsius.
The heat capacity (C) of a substance is the amount of heat
(q) required to raise the temperature of a given quantity (m)
of the substance by one degree Celsius.
C=mxs
Heat (q) absorbed or released:
q = m x s x Dt
q = C x Dt
Dt = tfinal - tinitial
 CALORIMETRY

How much heat is given off when an 869 g iron bar cools
from 940C to 50C?

s of Fe = 0.444 J/g • 0C

Dt = tfinal – tinitial = 50C – 940C = -890C

q = msDt = 869 g x 0.444 J/g • 0C x –890C = -34,000 J

CALORIMETRY AND HEAT OF REACTION

ΔH =

Unit: can be kJ/mol or J/mol

Example:

A student mixes 20 mL of 0.1M HCl and 20 mL of 0.1M

KCl in a calorimeter. Upon complete mixing, the
temperature of the resulting solution changes from 28˚C
to 32.5˚C. Calculate the molar heat of
reaction/neutralization (ΔH) in kJ/mol
Example:

A student dissolves 5.0g NaOH in 100 mL of water in a

calorimeter at 20.5˚C. As the NaOH dissolves, the
temperature of the surrounding water rises to 31.0˚C.
Determine the heat of solution of NaOH in J/g
Example:

A student dissolves 5.0g NaOH in 100 mL of water in a

calorimeter at 20.5˚C. As the NaOH dissolves, the
temperature of the surrounding water rises to 31.0˚C.
Determine the heat of solution of NaOH in J/g

Answer: -877.8 J/g (using 4.18 J/g ˚C)

-878.64 J/g (using 4.184 J/g ˚C)
1. How much heat is given off when an 869 g iron bar cools
from 940C to 50C? (in J/mol)
s of Fe = 0.444 J/g • 0C

2. Using the reaction:

2Na (s) + 2H2O (l)  2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)
ΔH = -367.5 kJ/mol

How much heat is evolved when 365 g of Na is added to

water?